Dry reforming of methane over oil palm shell activated carbon and ZSM-5 supported cobalt catalysts

In this study, cobalt supported oil palm shell activated carbon (Co/OPS-AC) and ZSM-5 zeolite (Co/ZSM-5) catalysts have been prepared for dry reforming of methane. Cobalt ratios of 6.0 and 14.0 wt% were deposited via wet impregnation method to the OPS-AC and ZSM-5 catalysts. The catalysts were characterized by XRD, N₂ adsorption--desorption isotherms, BET surface area, SEM, FESEM-EDX, TPR-H₂, and TPD-NH₃. The dry reforming of methane was performed using a micro reactor system under the condition of 10,000 ml/h.g-cat, 3 atm, CH₄/CO₂ ratio of 1.2:1.0 and temperature range from 923 K to 1023 K. The gaseous products were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) with thermal conductivity detector (TCD) and further quantified to determine the conversions of CH₄ and CO₂, and the yields of CO and H₂. Experimental results revealed both catalysts exhibited lower conversions of CO₂ and CH₄ with the increase in temperature from 923 K to 1023 K. The reduced conversions may be due to the formation of carboneous substance on the catalyst known as coking. Comparatively, Co/OPS-AC gave higher conversions of CO₂ and CH₄ as well as higher yields of H₂ and CO as it has a higher surface area than Co/ZSM-5 which subsequently rendered higher activity for the reforming of methane. With the increasing cobalt loadings and reaction temperature, OPS-AC(14) catalyst exhibited improved activity and H₂/CO ratio. Based on these results, cobalt supported OPS activated carbon catalyst was suggested to be more effective for CO₂ and CH₄ conversions.     

油田水处理系统过滤器性能分析

核桃壳过滤器是渤海曹妃甸油田生产水处理系统的关键设备,本文对其运行现状进行了全面分析,针对目前滤料再生困难和除油效率偏低等问题,采取了相应的改造措施,并对滤器的安装调试和日常维修保养给出了具体建议。可供石油石化行业类似设备操作与维修提供借鉴。     

炭化核桃壳对废水中Cr（Ⅵ）的吸附

制备了炭化核桃壳,采用SEM,EDX,FTIR等方法对炭化核桃壳进行了表征,研究了炭化核桃壳对废水中Cr（Ⅵ）的吸附效果。表征结果显示,炭化后的核桃壳为片状结构,且形成了大量的微孔,微孔数量的增加使得核桃壳的比表面积明显增大。实验结果表明,炭化核桃壳吸附处理含Cr（Ⅵ）废水的最佳工艺条件为：初始废水pH 2.0、炭化核桃壳加入量16 g/L、吸附温度25 ℃、转速150 r/min、吸附时间180 min,在此最佳工艺条件下吸附处理Cr（Ⅵ）质量浓度为20 mg/L废水,Cr（Ⅵ）去除率高达98.7%,最大吸附量为8.731 mg/g。Langmuir吸附等温模型可更好地描述炭化核桃壳对Cr（Ⅵ）的吸附过程,吸附属于单分子层吸附。拟二级动力学方程能更好地描述炭化核桃壳对Cr（Ⅵ）的吸附行为,此吸附过程以化学吸附为主控步骤。     

简析近年噪声环境影响评价中出现的错误预测模式

分析了环评中噪声源置于厂房内预测厂区内外噪声的错误模式,指出这些模式只能计算出不反映实际声场分布的同心族圆的等声级线,对环评工作毫无意义.其根本错误在于将壳体组合结构的整体隔声能力当作其各部位的实际隔声能力,而且忽略客观实际环境、甚至无视厂房存在所致.     

An Investigation of Thermal Decomposition Behavior of Hazelnut Shells

Turkey has a drastic potential in terms of biomass energy and it would be of utmost importance for our energy mix if this huge amount of energy is to be utilized. Thermochemical conversion is the most dominant one among the energy conversion processes. The carbonization process is the key point in determining the kinetic parameters of the fuels utilized. Thereafter, the kinetic parameters obtained from carbonization would be utilized in designing the thermochemical conversion equipments. In this study, the thermal decomposition behavior of hazelnut shells was investigated via dynamical thermogravimetry (TG) under N₂ atmosphere. In order to determine the effects of heating rate and gas flow rate, the experiments were performed in four different heating rates of 5, 20, 50, and 100 K/min and two different nitrogen flow rates of 50 and 100 cm³/min. As the heating rate was increased, peak temperature was increased, maximum temperature shifted to the right (higher T zones) and the maximum rate of weight loss was increased. In addition, lignin decomposition temperature interval was decreased whereas; cellulose decomposition temperature interval was increased. Increasing the heating rate from 5 to 20 K/min, hemicellulose decomposition temperature interval was increased. Total weight loss was slightly increased by the increase of gas flow rate. Kinetic parameters were calculated according to Coats Redfern method. It was found that activation energies of thermal decomposition reactions of hazelnut shell varied between 1.30 and 32.19 kJ/mol.     

白果壳遗态Fe/C复合材料对水中磷的吸附特征

为研究PBGC-Fe/C-G（白果壳遗态Fe/C复合材料）对水中磷的吸附特征,以PBGC-Fe/C-G为吸附剂,对吸附剂投加量、溶液体系pH、初始磷质量浓度、温度和吸附剂粒径为影响因素进行静态吸附试验分析,并结合SEM、EDS、XRD和FT-IR等手段对吸附前、后材料进行表征,以揭示PBGC-Fe/C-G的吸附除磷机制.结果表明:①当初始磷质量浓度 < 10 mg/L、吸附剂投加量为0.2 g/（50 mL）、溶液为酸性（pH=3）、反应温度为45℃、吸附剂粒径 < 0.149 mm时,吸附效果最佳,吸附量达1.62 mg/g.②准二级动力学模型和Freundlich吸附等温模型能较好地模拟PBGC-Fe/C-G对磷的吸附过程.③热力学结果显示,ΔG < 0、ΔS>0和ΔH>0,说明PBGC-Fe/C-G对磷的吸附过程是自发、熵增的吸热过程.研究显示,PBGC-Fe/C-G吸附除磷主要通过配位作用、静电引力、等电荷离子交换和物理作用4种协同完成,其中Fe活性位与磷酸根离子的配位反应为主要的反应过程.      

鱼贝植物组合对上海白莲泾生态修复效应研究

将鱼、贝、植物组合成3种浮岛生态系统,对上海市黄浦江支流白莲泾污染治理和生态修复,效果明显。结果表明:银纹金线蒲+鲢鳙鱼+三角帆蚌组合对总氮去除率60.7%,总磷去除率43.7%,高锰酸盐去除率35.0%,叶绿素-a降低38.2%;血草+鲢鳙鱼+三角帆蚌组合对总氮去除率55.2%,总磷去除率37.2%,高锰酸盐指数去除率42.5%,叶绿素-a降低44.3%;菖蒲+鲢鳙鱼+三角帆蚌组合对总氮去除率55.1%,总磷去除率29.7%,高锰酸盐指数去除率28.3%,叶绿素-a降低26.0%。总体上,3种浮岛生态系统能将水体总磷从Ⅲ类达到至Ⅱ类;总氮从劣Ⅴ类达到至Ⅳ类;高锰酸盐指数从Ⅳ类达到至Ⅲ类。鱼、贝、植物组合的浮岛生态系统生态效应优于单一生物因子的生态效应,该系统内生物多样性较丰富,生长良好,生态景观性明显。     

油菜秸杆外壳对水溶液中六价铬的吸附作用

为探讨油菜秸秆外壳去除水溶液中重金属铬的可能性及其影响因素,并研究其吸附性能和吸附机制.采用Box-Behnken Design实验设计研究了水溶液中六价铬[Cr(VI)]初始浓度、pH值范围、油菜秸秆外壳添加量和吸附温度4个因素对油菜秸秆外壳去除溶液中Cr(VI)的影响作用;用吸附等温方程、吸附动力学方程与热力学方程分别探讨了油菜秸秆外壳去除水溶液中Cr(VI)的行为;采用红外光谱技术对油菜秸秆外壳吸附水溶液Cr(VI)前后进行表征,探讨其吸附机制.油菜秸秆外壳去除溶液中Cr(VI)的最佳条件组合为:在吸附时间为1440min时,Cr(VI)初始浓度为99.15mg/L、pH值为1.01、油菜秸秆外壳添加量为2.90g/L和吸附温度35.70℃,Cr(VI)去除率为91.97%;吸附等温线拟合,吸附Cr(VI)行为符合Freundlich方程,为优惠吸附;热力学研究表明:溶液中Cr(VI)吸附属吸热反应,且为自发吸附行为;吸附动力学显示:油菜秸秆外壳去除溶液Cr(VI)符合准二阶动力学方程,吸附过程中存在离子交换;红外光谱提示:吸附过程中,O—H、C—H、NH3+、N—H和C—O基团与Cr(VI) 络合吸附发挥了重要作用.油菜秸秆外壳能够有效吸附水溶液中的Cr(VI),pH值是最为重要的影响因素.     

微波辐照制备花生壳活性炭研究

以花生壳为原料通过微波辐照制备了具有高比表面积并含有大量中孔的活性炭。讨论了活化剂类型、浸渍时间、浸渍比、活化剂浓度、微波功率和辐照时间对花生壳活性炭制备的影响。结果表明:相较磷酸和氢氧化钠,采用氯化锌活化剂制备的花生壳活性炭有更好的碘吸附性能;在浸渍浓度为40%,浸渍比为1∶6,浸渍时间为48 h,微波功率为500 W,辐照时间为6 min的条件下,制备的花生壳活性炭碘吸附值和亚甲基蓝吸附值分别为(898.6±12.8)mg/g和(46.2±3.8)mg/g;微波辐照工艺制备的活性炭,其碘吸附与亚甲基蓝吸附能力均优于马弗炉工艺;花生壳活性炭的碘吸附与亚甲基蓝吸附能力均优于市售活性炭。     

改性花生壳对Cd(Ⅱ)和Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附机理

以前期制得改性块状花生壳为对象,测定改性花生壳等电点,考察离子强度对改性花生壳吸附Cd2+和Pb2+的影响、吸附前后吸附质溶液pH变化情况及蒸馏水、NaCl、HNO3、柠檬酸和EDTA 5种解吸液对Cd2+和Pb2+的解吸效果,并通过X-射线光电子能谱仪和傅里叶变换红外光谱仪对吸附前后的改性花生壳进行表征,推测并证实了改性花生壳对Cd2+和Pb2+可能的吸附机理。结果表明,改性花生壳对Cd2+和Pb2+可能的吸附机理是:Cd2+是通过外层络合、离子交换和内层络合的联合作用被吸附的;Pb2+主要是与改性花生壳上的O、N等活性基团发生内层络合;此外,改性花生壳表面生成的二氧化锰对Cd2+和Pb2+的吸附也起到一定的作用。