Optimum Methods of Inactivation of Strongyloides stercoralis Larvae from Reclaimed Wastewater

Strongyloidiasis presents a major health hazard when reusing wastewater. Albendazol with a concentration of 4 mg/l, a contact time of 45 min, pH 1.2 and pH 10.2, killed the larva. The larva was also killed with a 0.03% concentration of iodine and a detention time of 30 min or a 0.04% concentration of iodine and a contact time of 10 min. The required detention time to inactivate larva in water was found to be 17 days. The minimum revealed residual chlorine to kill the larvae was 4 mg/l with 120 min of detention time, and a minimum contact time was found to be 80 min with a residual of 23 mg/l. Many methods are available to inactivate the Strongyloides stercoralis, which could be acids, alkaline chemicals, larvicidal chemicals, super chlorination, or just detention time. The best method must be determined according to the prevailing specific environmental site and the feasibility of the selected method(s).     

焦化行业酚氰废水处理工艺现状浅析

酚氰废水含有大量的有毒有害物质,同时由于浓度高,成分复杂,导致处理难度增大,随着环保工作要求的逐年提高,酚氰废水的处理效果问题愈发凸现.本文通过对酚氰废水来源、水质特点、处理工艺对比分析,详细阐述了焦化行业目前的处理工艺演变过程和处理现状水平.     

生化-物化-生态组合工艺用于离散型住宅小区污水处理与中水回用

以武汉市东西湖区园艺花城小区(3期)污水深度处理和中水回用系统建设为例,介绍和推广一套具有较强实用性的生活污水生化—物化—生态组合处理工艺。该项工艺特别适用于氮含量偏高情况下的离散型住宅小区生活污水深度处理与回用,具有占地省,处理效果稳定,易与周边环境协调等诸多优势。采用组合工艺,可使小区污水经处理后实现达标排放,中水处理系统的出水水质满足《城市污水再生利用(城市杂用水和景观环境用水)水质标准》;系统运行能耗低,污水处理和中水制水的总成本仅为0．69元/m~3。     

Cost-benefit analysis of water-reuse projects for environmental purposes: a case study for Spanish wastewater treatment plants

Water reuse is an emerging and promising non-conventional water resource. Feasibility studies are essential tools in the decision making process for the implementation of water-reuse projects. However, the methods used to assess economic feasibility tend to focus on internal costs, while external impacts are relegated to unsubstantiated statements about the advantages of water reuse. Using the concept of shadow prices for undesirable outputs of water reclamation, the current study developed a theoretical methodology to assess internal and external economic impacts. The proposed methodological approach is applied to 13 wastewater treatment plants in the Valencia region of Spain that reuse effluent for environmental purposes. Internal benefit analyses indicated that only a proportion of projects were economically viable, while when external benefits are incorporated all projects were economically viable. In conclusion, the economic feasibility assessments of water-reuse projects should quantitatively evaluate economic, environmental and resource availability.     

Competitive effects and interactions during sorption of SMP fractions on activated carbon: response surface approach for visualization of sorption profiles

The objectives of this study were to investigate the significance of the effects and interactions for during competitive sorption of soluble microbial products (SMP). Batch experiments were conducted to assess the competitive sorption characteristics and individual affinity of glucose (carbohydrate) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) (protein) as two representative fractions of SMP. The influence of surface availability was investigated by using carbon particles with different particle sizes (5-75 μm, 75-850 μm, and 850-1000 μm) and different carbon amounts. Competitive effects and interactions were evaluated for each adsorbate and surface availability. Competitive sorption mechanisms were quantified in relation to surface affinity of the SMP fractions. Sorption capacity profiles of the SMP fractions at equilibrium were developed using second-degree polynomial models for the experimental data and compared with the estimates obtained from the modified Langmuir-like model which uses single parameter sorption data to estimate competitive sorption profiles of systems with two adsorbates. Adequacy limitations of the modified Langmuir-like model for each SMP fraction were evaluated based on the significance of the synergistic and antagonistic effects between the two SMP fractions and the carbon surface availability.     

Source characterization of nervous system active pharmaceutical ingredients in healthcare facility wastewaters

Nervous system active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), including anti-depressants and opioids, are important clinically administered pharmaceuticals within healthcare facilities. This study provides source characterization data describing the composition and magnitude of nervous system APIs present in healthcare facility wastewaters. Concentrations and mass loadings of ten nervous system APIs and three nervous system API metabolites are reported for wastewaters from a hospital, nursing, assisted living, and independent living facility within a single municipality. Concentrations of nervous system APIs ranged from non-detectable levels for alprazolam in all four facility wastewaters to a high of 290 ng/L amitriptyline in nursing facility wastewater. The summed mean concentration of all thirteen analytes ranged from 402 ng/L in independent living facility wastewater to 624 ng/L in assisted living facility wastewater. Wastewater flow rates from each facility were combined with concentration data to estimate the daily mass loading of nervous system APIs leaving each facility through wastewater discharge to the municipal sewer system. The total mass loading of all thirteen analytes for the hospital, nursing, assisted living, and independent living facility was 228, 44, 29.5, and 28.1 mg/day, respectively. The total mass loading of nervous system APIs contributed to the municipality's wastewater from all four facilities was 330 mg/day.     

Calculation of the minimum ecological water requirement of an urban river system and its deployment: A case study in Beijing central region

The minimum ecological water requirements of an urban river system and water deployment are key elements in integrated water resources planning and urban ecological construction. Based on a review of ecological water requirement calculation methods and considering the different ecological functions of an urban river system, the ecological function method was used in this paper to calculate the components of the ecological water requirements of an urban river. An envelope curve-based method was proposed for assessing the minimum ecological water requirements of an urban river system. Water resources deployment strategies designed to meet the minimum ecological water requirements were described. Then, the minimum ecological water requirements of the urban river system in Beijing central region, selected as a case study, were investigated. The key parameters for assessing the minimum ecological water requirement in the Beijing urban river system were determined. Based on the ecological objectives and the current status of the different urban river systems within the Beijing central region, the minimum ecological water requirements were calculated. Different types of water sources, including rainwater, upstream water, and reclaimed water, were deployed to meet the ecological water requirements for the urban river system in the Beijing central region.     

Assessment of Wastewater Reuse Effects on Nutrient Loads from Paddy Field Using Field-Scale Water Quality Model

CREAMS-PADDY, a modified version of the field-scale CREAMS model, simulates the hydrologic, sediment, and nutrient cycles in paddy fields. The CREAMS-PADDY model was applied to estimate the effects of using wastewater for irrigation on nutrient loads from paddy fields in Republic of Korea. The model was calibrated and validated using data from two rice paddy fields. The coefficient of determination between observed and simulated total nitrogen and total phosphorus were 0.92 and 0.57, respectively, for the calibration period and 0.84 and 0.73 for the validation period. Simulations showed that when using wastewater for irrigation, the total nitrogen loads increased by 210% and total phosphorus by 1,270% when compared with conventional water irrigation. The total nitrogen and total phosphorus concentration in the ponded water increased by 254 and 534%, respectively, when compared with conventional water irrigation. The effect of reducing N and P fertilizer application rates by 10, 30, and 50% on nutrient loads exiting a paddy field were also simulated using the validated CREAMS-PADDY model. These simulations indicated that total phosphorus loads from the paddy were reduced only slightly by reducing the fertilizer, while total nitrogen loads were reduced by as much as 8.8, 16.6, and 24.4% when N ferlitizer rates were reduced by 10, 30, and 50%, respectively. An erratum to this article can be found at     

含盐废水电渗析膜分离处理工艺研究

在水资源日益紧张、含盐废水排放量日益增多的大趋势下,寻求经济有效的含盐废水处理技术已成为重要的研究课题。以厦门某食品企业水产品加工腌泡环节含盐废水为研究对象。含盐废水经氨水沉淀、离子交换树脂软化处理,废水中钙镁离子被有效脱除,出水钙镁质量浓度已经降为10．4mg·L-1,达到软水水质标准。软化后的废水经4‰聚丙烯酰胺（PAM）絮凝并通过活性炭吸附,污染密度指数值（SDI）降低至0．41,完全达到膜分离装置进水水质的要求。预处理液再经电渗析膜进一步浓缩分离后,氯化钠质量浓度可由7351mg·L-1提升到78156mg·L-1,对盐分浓缩了10倍以上,达到废水和盐分的处理回收利用。本处理工艺流程简洁,药耗少、能耗低,比较适合小规模含盐废水的综合处理。