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841.
The production of large quantities of wastes globally has created a commercial activity involving the transfrontier shipments
of hazardous wastes, intended to be managed at economically attractive waste-handling facilities located elsewhere. In fact,
huge quantities of hazardous wastes apparently travel the world in search of “acceptable” waste management facilities. For
instance, within the industrialized countries alone, millions of tonnes of potentially hazardous waste cross national frontiers
each year on their way for recycling or to treatment, storage, and disposal facilities (TSDFs) because there is no local disposal
capacity for these wastes, or because legal disposal or reuse in a foreign country may be more environmentally sound, or managing
the wastes in the foreign country may be less expensive than at home. The cross-boundary traffic in hazardous wastes has lately
been under close public scrutiny, however, resulting in the accession of several international agreements and laws to regulate
such activities. This paper discusses and analyzes the most significant control measures and major agreements in this new
commercial activity involving hazardous wastes. In particular, the discussion recognizes the difficulties with trying to implement
the relevant international agreements among countries of vastly different socioeconomic backgrounds. Nonetheless, it is also
noted that global environmental agreements will generally be a necessary component of ensuring adequate environmental protection
for the world community—and thus a need for the careful implementation of such agreements and regulations. 相似文献
842.
Manoliadis OG 《Environmental management》2001,28(4):497-504
Irrigation management calls for objective criteria capable of representing the economy, reliability, and productivity of irrigation
systems. These criteria must be compatible with long-term sustainability and conservation goals. The criteria representing
the above goals are the economic effect of management on yield reduction, economic effect, and reliability referring to plant
growth and operation of the network. In this study environmental indices are introduced to express the above criteria in quantitative
terms. The inclusion of these indices at the farm and network level create a multicriteria framework for decision-making based
on composite programming. An experimental study was conducted during the irrigation periods of 1989 and 1990 in Chania, Greece,
concerning water delivered to 40 experimental plots, soil moisture content at the rootzone, and irrigation system operational
failures. The data collected in real time were used for the calculation of the corresponding environmental indices. The variation
in time and space is high and resulted in up to 62% of yield loss and low system performance (up to 7% of system temporal
reliability). The study indicated that environmental indices could be incorporated to select alternatives and also to develop
policies on water delivery. The final decision involves a trade-off analysis between cost of application and desired system
performance. Measures of both primary objectives can be obtained using environmental indices that represent system operation
aggregation at its basic levels (on farm and network). 相似文献
843.
The literature guides environmental planning and, specifically, how to use ecological rehabilitation projects to achieve long-term
planning goals and landscape-scale environmental sustainability. There is, however, a perceived gap between principles in
the literature and the use of them by practitioners involved in smaller-scale ecological rehabilitation projects. Using interviews
with practitioners involved in 11 projects within the Regional Municipality of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, we tested whether
practitioners used five principles for effective planning and implementation of ecological rehabilitation that we derived
from the literature. These five principles were: establishing political and ecological context, using ecologically appropriate
objectives and practices, using comparative multidisciplinary and cross-scale approaches, using adaptive planning and implementation,
and establishing good communication within and external to projects. Few projects followed all five principles, and practitioners
indicated that they used three more project-specific principles: obtaining political/social support, promoting projects and
changing attitudes about projects, and securing sufficient and persistent funding to maintain a project's life. While the
literature emphasizes that ecological rehabilitation is only effective if projects are coordinated on a watershed basis, most
practitioners focused solely on the goals of their specific project. The gap between literature and practice may arise because
most practitioners are new to the field of ecological rehabilitation and still are focused on the methods involved. Time pressures
force practitioners to obviate the literature and get projects started quickly, lest support evaporate. Complicating these
difficulties is decreased support from federal and provincial governments for large-scale environmental planning. It is unclear
whether ecological rehabilitation projects in Waterloo Region (at least) will ever become effective at promoting landscape-scale
ecological goals or remain smaller-scale stop-gaps. 相似文献
844.
Forest Protection and Reforestation in Costa Rica: Evaluation of a Clean Development Mechanism Prototype 总被引:9,自引:1,他引:8
Subak S 《Environmental management》2000,26(3):283-297
/ Costa Rica has recently established a program that provides funds for reforestation and forest protection on private lands, partly through the sale of carbon certificates to industrialized countries. Countries purchasing these carbon offsets hope one day to receive credit against their own commitments to limit emissions of greenhouse gases. Costa Rica has used the proceeds of the sale of carbon offsets to Norway to help finance this forest incentive program, called the Private Forestry Project, which pays thousands of participants to reforest or protect forest on their lands. The Private Forestry Project is accompanied by a monitoring program conducted by Costa Rican forest engineers that seeks to determine net carbon storage accomplished on these lands each year. The Private Forestry Project, which is officially registered as an Activity Implemented Jointly, is a possible model for bundled projects funded by the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) established by the 1997 Kyoto Protocol to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. It also serves as an interesting example for the CDM because it was designed by a developing country host-not by an industrialized country investor. Accordingly, it reflects the particular "sustainable development" objectives of the host country or at least the host planners. Early experience in implementing the Private Forestry Project is evaluated in light of the main objectives of the CDM and its precursor-Activities Implemented Jointly. It is concluded that the project appears to meet the criteria of global cost-effectiveness and financing from non-ODA sources. The sustainable development implications of the project are specific to the region and would not necessarily match the ideals of all investing and developing countries. The project may be seen to achieve additional greenhouse gas abatement when compared against some (although not all) baselines. 相似文献
845.
/ The International Joint Commission (IJC) has overseen the implementation of the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement between Canada and the United States for 25 years. Part of its mandate has been to facilitate international cooperation among a diversity of stakeholders focusing on the "waters" and the "ecosystem." In the 1970s policy focused on phosphorus reduction and individual contaminants, with some efforts (after 1978) to take an ecosystem (ecological perspectives) approach. In the last 15 years human health effects from (real and perceived) environmental causes have received considerable recognition. By contrast, less concern has been expressed for what is traditionally considered "environment" issues (such as protecting fish species). This shift at the policy level is well illustrated in the manner in which human health is increasingly used as a way for mobilizing environmental agendas. This paper analyzes nine IJC biennial reports to track how the framing of Great Lakes issues has shifted from concern for its waters to concern for human neurobehavior and reproductive systems. Frame analysis is used to conceptualize the controversies that are expressed through the Great Lakes policy documents. The analysis of the reports also reveals a shift in operational frames, used by the IJC to mobilize decision-makers into action. 相似文献
846.
/ Environmental regulatory agencies are responsible for protecting human health and the environment in their constituencies. Their responsibilities include the identification, evaluation, and cleanup of contaminated sites. Leaking underground storage tanks (USTs) constitute a major source of subsurface and groundwater contamination. A significant portion of a regulatory body's efforts may be directed toward the management of UST-contaminated sites. In order to manage remedial sites effectively, vast quantities of information must be maintained, including analytical dataon chemical contaminants, remedial design features, and performance details. Currently, most regulatory agencies maintain such information manually. This makes it difficult to manage the data effectively. Some agencies have introduced automated record-keeping systems. However, the ad hoc approach in these endeavors makes it difficult to efficiently analyze, disseminate, and utilize the data. This paper identifies the information requirements for UST-contaminated site management at the Waste Cleanup Section of the Department of Environmental Resources Management in Dade County, Florida. It presents a viable design for an information management system to meet these requirements. The proposed solution is based on a back-end relational database management system with relevant tools for sophisticated data analysis and data mining. The database is designed with all tables in the third normal form to ensure data integrity, flexible access, and efficient query processing. In addition to all standard reports required by the agency, the system provides answers to ad hoc queries that are typically difficult to answer under the existing system. The database also serves as a repository of information for a decision support system to aid engineering design and risk analysis. The system may be integrated with a geographic information system for effective presentation and dissemination of spatial data. 相似文献
847.
Using Multicriteria Methods in Environmental Planning and Management 总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12
In environmental planning and decision processes several alternatives are analyzed in terms of multiple noncommensurate criteria,
and many different stakeholders with conflicting preferences are involved. Based on our experience in real-life applications,
we discuss how multicriteria decision aid (MCDA) methods can be used successfully in such processes. MCDA methods support
these processes by providing a framework for collecting, storing, and processing all relevant information, thus making the
decision process traceable and transparent. It is therefore possible to understand and explain why, under several conflicting
preferences, a particular decision was made. The MCDA framework also makes the requirements for new information explicit,
thus supporting the allocation of resources for the process. 相似文献
848.
Reinventing Environmental Regulation from the Grassroots Up: Explaining and Expanding the Success of the Toxics Release Inventory 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
/ The success of the Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) stands in stark contrast to most other environmental regulations in the United States. Between its inception in 1988 and 1995, releases of chemicals listed on the TRI have declined by 45%. We argue the TRI has achieved this regulatory success by creating a mechanism of "populist maxi-min regulation." This style of regulation differs from traditional command-and-control in several ways. First, the majorrole of public agencies is not to set and enforce standards, but to establish an information-rich context for private citizens, interest groups, and firms to solve environmental problems. Second, environmental "standards" are not determined by expert analysis of acceptable risk, but are effectively set at the levels informed citizens will accept. Third, firms adopt pollution prevention and abatement measures in response to a dynamic range of public pressures rather than to formalized agency standards or governmental sanction. Finally, public pressure ruthlessly focuses on the worst polluters-maximum attention to minimum performers-to induce them to adopt more effective environmental practices. TRI has inadvertently set in motion this alternative style of regulation that has, in turn, dramatically reduced toxics emissions in the United States. By properly understanding the mechanisms that drive TRI's accomplishments, more intentional public policy designs can expand the system of populist maxi-min regulation and achieve even more rapid toxics reduction. 相似文献
849.
The benefits of indigenous knowledge within disaster risk reduction are gradually being acknowledged and identified. However, despite this acknowledgement there continues to be a gap in reaching the right people with the correct strategies for disaster risk reduction.This paper identifies the need for a specific framework identifying how indigenous and western knowledge may be combined to mitigate against the intrinsic effects of environmental processes and therefore reduce the vulnerability of rural indigenous communities in small island developing states (SIDS) to environmental hazards. This involves a review of the impacts of environmental processes and their intrinsic effects upon rural indigenous communities in SIDS and how indigenous knowledge has contributed to their coping capacity. The paper concludes that the vulnerability of indigenous communities in SIDS to environmental hazards can only be addressed through the utilisation of both indigenous and Western knowledge in a culturally compatible and sustainable manner. 相似文献
850.
Suburbanization and drought: A mixed methods vulnerability assessment in rainy Massachusetts 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This paper presents evidence that water restrictions in suburbanizing eastern Massachusetts towns are becoming more common, controlling for climate. We then assess the relationship between these suburban droughts and residential development. Focusing on the suburbs of Boston, seven towns independent of the Boston water supply system were selected to represent differing levels of sprawl-style growth. Water restrictions are becoming more frequent in all of the towns studied, and models demonstrate that restrictions are increasing in duration, independent of climate. Interviews suggest that residential development is playing a central role in this increasing sensitivity to suburban drought, though other factors are also important. Long-term planning and integration of land-use planning and water management emerged as two key paths for attenuating the impacts of development. 相似文献