Mining pollution: The case of the Baguio mining district,the philippines

Environmental problems caused by improper mine tailings disposal in the Baguio district include pollution of the Lower Agno River system and its watershed and siltation of irrigation canals in the Pangasinan plains. Direct economic losses are from reduced agricultural production due to siltation of irrigation works and farmlands. To check the adverse ecological effects of improper mine tailings disposal, government regulations have been imposed on mining firms. Several disposal schemes have been proposed, including the use of the reservoir of a multipurpose project to be sited in the watershed where the mines are located. Because of siltation problems, however, trapping the tailings in the reservoir will diminish the economic benefits that can be derived from the project.     

Public opinion and interest group positions on open-space issues in Albuquerque,New Mexico,USA: Implications for resource management

The purpose of this research was to elicit and compare the open-space preferences of citizens and openspace experts in Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA. A randomly selected sample of 492 citizens and 35 open-space experts participated in a telephone survey during May 5–18, 1986. The following hypothesis was tested and used as a guideline for the study:HO1: There is no significant difference between respondents' status and preference for open space in Albuquerque, New Mexico.The hypothesis was rejected. Findings confirmed respondents' status affected preference for open space. Of the eight issues on which the citizen and expert groups were compared, five recorded significant differences in response profiles. The open-space expert group was significantly more supportive of using open space to accommodate offroad vehicle facilities, wildlife preserves, a citywide recreational trail, and a trail system along the arroyos and city ditches. The citizen sample was significantly more supportive of using open space to accommodate overnight camping facilities. Both groups equally supported using open space to accommodate an outdoor amphitheater, outdoor education facilities, and rafting, kayaking, and canoeing facilities.The finding indicated that expert preferences did not represent an aggregate of citizen preferences for managing open-space resources. Understanding both expert and citizen positions will facilitate decision-making processes and help resolve environmental disputes.     

Use of a geographic information system for storm runoff prediction from small urban watersheds

The use of computer-assisted map analysis techniques for prediction of storm runoff from a small urban watershed in the United States is investigated. An automated procedure for calculating input parameters for the US Soil Conservation Service (SCS) method of predicting storm runoff volume and peak timing is presented. Advanced techniques of spatial analysis are used to characterize spatial coincidence, surface configuration and effective hydrologic distance. A limited verification of the automated procedure indicates that the model reasonably characterizes water flow. A sensitivity analysis of basin disaggregation suggests that the SCS method yields increased volume and peak discharge predictions as the watershed is divided into smaller and smaller subunits. As a means to demonstrate the practical application of the automated procedure, a simulation of the effects on surface runoff for a potential residential development is presented.     

Energy economy of salmon aquaculture in the Baltic sea

Resource utilization in Atlantic salmon aquaculture in the Baltic Sea was investigated by means of an energy analysis. A comparison was made between cage farming and sea ranching enterprises each with yearly yields of 40 t of Atlantic salmon. A variety of sea ranching options were evaluated, including (a) conventional ranching, (b) ranching employing a delayed release to the sea of young smolts, (c) harvesting salmon both by offshore fishing fleets and as they return to coastal areas, and (d) when offshore fishing is banned, harvesting salmon only as they return to coastal areas where released. Inputs both from natural ecosystems (i.e., fish consumed by ranched salmon while in the sea and raw materials used for producing dry food pellets) and from the economy (i.e., fossil fuels and energy embodied in economic goods and services) were quantified in tonnes for food energy and as direct plus indirect energy cost (embodied energy). The fixed solar energy (estimated as primary production) and the direct and indirect auxiliary energy requirements per unit of fish output were expressed in similar units. Similar quantities of living resources in tonnes per unit of salmon biomass output are required whether the salmon are feeding in the sea or are caged farmed. Cage farming is about 10 times more dependent on auxiliary energies than sea ranching. Sea ranching applying delayed release of smolts is 35–45% more efficient in the use of auxiliary energies than conventional sea ranching and cage farming. Restriction of offshore fishing would make sea ranching 3 to 6.5 times more efficient than cage farming. The fixed solar energy input to Atlantic salmon aquaculture is 4 to 63 times larger than the inputs of auxiliary energy. Thus, cage farming and sea ranching are both heavily dependent on the productivity of natural ecosystems. It is concluded that sustainable development of the aquaculture industry must be founded on ecologically integrated technologies which utilize the free production in marine ecosystems without exhausting or damaging the marine environment.     

应用浮游植物对扎龙自然保护区水质的初步评价

通过对扎龙自然保护区水体中浮游植物调查及运用几种评价公式分析,评价结论为:扎龙水体浮游植物由8门60个属组成,数量在19 515×10~2～23 755×10~3个/升之间;水质属中污染型,同一年度污染情况为:8月>6月,北区>南区。     

对水质自动监测中测量值突变的判别与处理

以程序化方式介绍了判别水质自动监测中测量突变的原因。提出当发现某主要指标异常时，应查看相关指标的运行情况，再校准仪器，并人工同步分析样品。若测定结果的相对偏差大于5％，表明测量仪器故障；若相对偏差小于5％，应继续进行源水分析比对，以判别是仪器故障还是污染事故。通过实例分析，淮南市水质自动监测中DO测量值偏低的原因：一是取水泵安装位置不当，造成负压抽水，使水中DO溢出；二是流程太低，致使管道藻类大量繁殖，消耗了水中DO。解决方法：正确安装取水泵，并加大水泵抽水量，冲刷管道藻类。     

流动注射分光光度法测定水中硫化物

采用流动注射分光光度法测定水中的硫化物，在酸化条件下，通过在线蒸馏释放出H：S气体，在酸性介质中与对氨基二甲基苯胺和三氯化铁反应，形成亚甲基蓝，于660nm处比色测定。方法检出限为0．004mg／L，精密度和准确度均较好，操作简便，能满足大批量水样及时准确分析的需求。     

水质变化趋势的综合评价模型

采用模糊集对分析方法，综合评价了某自来水厂1982年—1987年水质动态变化趋势，评价结果与密切值法得出的结论基本一致，实例分析表明，模糊集对模型的评价信息量多，评价结论合理、可靠，是一种简单而实用的评价方法。     

哈密地区饮用水总α,总β放射性比活度评价

报告了哈密地区居民饮用水总α、总β放射性比活度平均值分别为11.6(1.4～79.4)×10~(-2)Bq·L~(-1)(另有一突出值287.0×10~(-2)Bq·L~(-1)未计入平均值);0.40(0.05～1.76)Bq·L~(-1).估算结果表明,本地区95％以上居民的饮用水源是安全的。     

废水化学需氧量测定中稀释倍数的确定

根据化学需氧量测定原理和分析方法，推导出化学需氧量测定限，由测定限确定不同浓度废水化学需氧量测定的稀释倍数。