京津冀区域燃煤发电行业大气污染物排放时空变化特征研究

为了科学评估京津冀区域燃煤发电行业特别排放限值和超低排放相关要求实施后的大气污染物减排效果,以行业调查数据为基础,建立了2013年和2015年京津冀区域燃煤发电行业大气污染物排放清单,分析了装机容量与SO_2、NO_x和烟尘排放量的时空耦合关系,讨论了国家相关政策和标准的实施效果。结果显示:区域内2015年燃煤机组装机容量与2013年相比略有下降,SO_2、NO_x和烟尘排放量分别下降75.95%、83.09%和71.20%,减排效果明显。2015年100 MW以下等级机组3种污染物排放总量位居各机组首位,建议通过多种合理方式压减小型燃煤发电机组数量和排放浓度。     

北京冬奥会同期空气污染数值模拟

第24届冬季奥运会将于2022年2月4—20日在我国北京市和河北省张家口市联合举办,主要会场有北京奥体中心、北京延庆县和张家口市崇礼县.为了模拟分析冬奥会空气质量情况,利用冬奥会同期(2006—2016年2月)北京市和张家口市空气质量资料及韩国气象厅天气图资料(2013—2016年2月),分析该时段重污染发生的频次,统计不利于污染物扩散的天气形势出现概率及污染传输路径,并结合嵌套网格空气质量预报模式(NAPQMS),评估不同减排方案对ρ(PM_2.5)的影响.结果表明:① 2006—2016年冬奥会同期,北京奥体中心和延庆县发生重污染天气的概率分别为17%和9%,污染发生的风险频率为北京奥体中心>延庆县>张家口市,并且北京奥体中心和延庆县在2月13—16日易出现持续的重污染天气过程;② 2013—2016年2月不利于污染扩散的天气形势出现概率较为频繁,尤其在850 hPa高度和地面,不利天气形势出现的概率分别为35%和41%;地面偏南风易将在北京西南方滞留较长时间的污染气团沿太行山输送至北京;③ 冬奥会期间,若于2月2—12日及17—20日将京津冀及周边城市污染物排放量在当前的基础上减排50%、2月13—16日减排75%,将可能不出现重污染日.严格控制北京及周边地区的大气污染物排放是保障冬奥会期间空气质量的必要措施.      

Bioavailability of wastewater derived dissolved organic nitrogen to green microalgae Selenastrum capricornutum, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, and Chlorella vulgaris with/without presence of bacteria

Effluent dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) is problematic in nutrient sensitive surface waters and needs to be reduced to meet demanding total dissolved nitrogen discharge limits. Bioavailable DON (ABDON) is a portion of DON utilized by algae or algae + bacteria,while biodegradable DON (BDON) is a portion of DON decomposable by bacteria. ABDON and BDON in a two-stage trickling filter (TF) wastewater treatment plant was evaluated using three different microalgal species, Selenastrum capricornutum, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Chlorella vulgaris and mixed cultured bacteria. Results showed that up to 80% of DON was bioavailable to algae or algae + bacteria inoculum while up to 60% of DON was biodegradable in all the samples. Results showed that C. reinhardtii and C. vulgaris can be used as a test species the same as S. capricornutum since there were no significant differences among these three algae species based on their ability to remove nitrogen species.     

Effects of free ammonia on volatile fatty acid accumulation and process performance in the anaerobic digestion of two typical bio-wastes

The effect of free ammonia on volatile fatty acid(VFA)accumulation and process instability was studied using a lab-scale anaerobic digester fed by two typical bio-wastes:fruit and vegetable waste(FVW)and food waste(FW)at 35°C with an organic loading rate(OLR)of 3.0 kg VS/(m~3·day). The inhibitory effects of free ammonia on methanogenesis were observed due to the low C/N ratio of each substrate(15.6 and 17.2,respectively). A high concentration of free ammonia inhibited methanogenesis resulting in the accumulation of VFAs and a low methane yield. In the inhibited state,acetate accumulated more quickly than propionate and was the main type of accumulated VFA. The co-accumulation of ammonia and VFAs led to an "inhibited steady state" and the ammonia was the main inhibitory substance that triggered the process perturbation. By statistical significance test and VFA fluctuation ratio analysis,the free ammonia inhibition threshold was identified as 45 mg/L. Moreover,propionate,iso-butyrate and valerate were determined to be the three most sensitive VFA parameters that were subject to ammonia inhibition.     

Determination of 15 phthalate esters in air by gas-phase and particle-phase simultaneous sampling

Based on previous research, the sampling and analysis methods for phthalate esters (PAEs) were improved by increasing the sampling flow of indoor air from 1 to 4 L/min, shortening the sampling duration from 8 to 2 hr. Meanwhile, through the optimization of chromatographic conditions, the concentrations of 9 additional PAE pollutants in indoor air were measured. The optimized chromatographic conditions required a similar amount of time for analysis as before, but gave high responsivity, the capability of simultaneously distinguishing 15 kinds of PAEs, and a high level of discrimination between individual sample peaks, as well as stable peak generation. The recovery rate of all gas-phase and particle-phase samples of the 15 kinds of PAEs ranged from 91.26% to 109.42%, meeting the quantitative analysis requirements for indoor and outdoor air sampling and analysis. For the first time, investigation of the concentration levels as well as characteristics of 15 kinds of PAEs in the indoor air from four different traffic micro-environments (private vehicles, busses, taxis and subways) was carried out, along with validation of the optimized sampling and analytical method. The results show that all the 9 additional PAEs could be detected at relatively high pollution levels in the indoor air from the four traffic micro-environments. As none of the pollution levels of the 15 kinds of PAEs in the indoor air from the 4 traffic micro-environments should be neglected, it is of great significance to increase the types of PAEs able to be detected in indoor air.     

Quantifying public health benefits of environmental strategy of PM2.5 air quality management in Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region, China

In 2013,China issued "Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan(Action Plan)" to improve air quality.To assess the benefits of this program in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei(BTH)region,where the density of population and emissions vary greatly,we simulated the air quality benefit based on Ben MAP to satisfy the Action Plan.In this study,we estimate PM_(2.5) concentration using Voronoi spatial interpolation method on a grid with a spatial resolution of 1 × 1 km~2.Combined with the exposure-response function between PM_(2.5) concentration and health endpoints,health effects of PM_(2.5) exposure are analyzed.The economic loss is assessed by using the willingness to pay(WTP) method and human capital(HC) method.When the PM_(2.5) concentration falls by 25% in BTH and reached 60 μg/m~3 in Beijing,the avoiding deaths will be in the range of 3175 to 14051 based on different functions each year.Of the estimated mortality attributable to all causes,3117 annual deaths were due to lung cancer,1924 – 6318 annual deaths were due to cardiovascular,and343 – 1697 annual deaths were due to respiratory.Based on WTP,the estimated monetary values for the avoided cases of all cause mortality,cardiovascular mortality,respiratory mortality and lung cancer ranged from 1110 to 29632,673 to 13325,120 to 3579,1091 to 6574 million yuan,respectively.Based on HC,the corresponding values for the avoided cases of these four mortalities were 267 to 1178,161 to 529,29 to 143 and 261 million yuan,respectively.     

Sensitivity of Precipitation Statistics to Urban Growth in a Subtropical Coastal Megacity Cluster

This short paper presents an investigation on how human activities may or may not affect precipitation based on numerical simulations of precipitation in a benchmark case with modified lower boundary conditions, representing different stages of urban development in the model. The results indicate that certain degrees of urbanization affect the likelihood of heavy precipitation significantly, while less urbanized or smaller cities are much less prone to these effects. Such a result can be explained based on our previous work where the sensitivity of precipitation statistics to surface anthropogenic heat sources lies in the generation of buoyancy and turbulence in the planetary boundary layer and dissipation through triggering of convection. Thus only mega cities of sufficient size, and hence human-activity-related anthropogenic heat emission, can expect to experience such effects. In other words, as cities grow, their effects upon precipitation appear to grow as well.     

哈尔滨市土壤表层重金属污染特征及来源辨析

鉴于确定土壤重金属来源是降低土壤重金属人为输入和控制土壤重金属面源污染扩散的必然要求,以哈尔滨市9个市辖区中4个主要老城区（道里区、道外区、南岗区、香坊区）为研究区,依据标准格网进行土壤样本采集（表层土壤样本307个,深层土壤样本77个）,分析土壤中w（As）、w（Hg）、w（Cd）、w（Cr）、w（Cu）、w（Ni）、w（Pb）、w（Zn）;并利用主成分分析法、地累积指数法和指示克里格插值法,分别对该区不同成土母质区域表层土壤重金属的污染特征和来源进行分析.结果表明:① 哈尔滨市四区表层土壤中As、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn主要来源于成土母质,Hg和Cd受人类活动的影响显著.② 以各类成土母质中重金属含量平均值为评价依据,哈尔滨市表层土壤中Hg、Cd表现出较大范围的重金属污染,依据土壤样本所在格网覆盖范围,污染范围分别占研究区的60%、65%.③ Cu、Pb、Zn污染范围小且污染程度低.研究显示,人口集聚、工业发展、交通发达等因素已经造成研究区表层土壤中Hg、Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn不同程度、不同范围的污染,需要合理有效地处理生活垃圾、控制工业和交通排放,以缓解表层土壤重金属污染.      

自养脱氮污泥的亚硝化活性恢复策略

为考察自养脱氮污泥亚硝化活性快速恢复的策略,在3个反应器内分别采用不同的方法对经过长期冷冻保存后的污泥进行了恢复活性的研究.其中R1为MBR(膜生物反应器),采用低ρ(DO)(0.30 mg/L)连续流恢复策略;R2为SBR(序批式反应器),采用低ρ(DO)(0.30 mg/L)间歇流恢复策略;R3为SBR,采用低ρ(NH₄+-N)预培养-高曝气-低ρ(DO)运行三阶段的恢复策略.结果表明,R1的恢复时间为46 d,NH₄+-N氧化速率达到4.99 mg/(h·g)(以N计),最终ρ(MLSS)达到5.43 g/L;R2的恢复时间为39 d,NH₄+-N氧化速率达到4.61 mg/(h·g),最终ρ(MLSS)达到4.47 g/L;R3的恢复时间为48 d,NH₄+-N氧化速率达到5.64 mg/(h·g),最终ρ(MLSS)达到5.16 g/L. 3个反应器均能长期抑制亚硝酸盐氧化细菌的活性,使亚硝化稳定运行. 3个反应器中,R3恢复所需时间最长,但污泥活性最好; R1中的污泥活性较低,但是膜组件有效截留了污泥,达到了最高的ρ(MLSS).研究显示,通过厌氧预培养后转为膜生物反应器连续流运行的策略,可有助于污泥的极大保留及污泥活性的最大恢复.      

关于渗透通风条件建筑结构对室内PM2.5浓度水平影响评价模型探讨

我国京津冀地区近年频遭大气PM_2.5污染侵扰,相关研究表明,既使关闭建筑外窗,大气中PM_2.5仍可以通过渗透通风方式进入室内污染环境.为定量评价建筑渗透通风及无室内污染源条件下建筑结构（如外窗缝隙结构、房间建筑结构等）对室内ρ（PM_2.5）的影响规律,基于北京市东城区、朝阳区6个不同建筑结构的房间室内外ρ（PM_2.5）实时监测数据,重点比较分析了建筑结构对室内外ρ（PM_2.5）关联特性的影响规律.此外,根据颗粒物穿透特性及沉降特性机理,提出了反映建筑外窗缝隙结构（如缝高、缝深）的无量纲特征参数A_P与反映房间建筑结构（如层高、开间、进深）的无量纲特征参数A_k.在前期提出的室内ρ（PM_2.5）预测模型基础上,进一步构建了二者（A_P与A_k）对室内ρ（PM_2.5）影响的评价模型,并通过实测数据验证了模型的正确性.结果表明:当室外PM_2.5污染程度与气象条件一定时,建筑结构对I/O[室内外ρ（PM_2.5）之比]影响较大,其范围在0.4~0.7之间;随着建筑外窗气密性等级的提高,对应室内ρ（PM_2.5）呈显著的下降趋势.建筑外窗缝隙结构对室内ρ（PM_2.5）影响程度远大于房间建筑结构,敏感性分析结果表明,当建筑外窗缝高每降低50%或缝深每提高50%,对应室内ρ（PM_2.5）约可下降33.6%与31.9%.研究显示,气密性等级较高的建筑外窗缝隙缝高往往较小、缝深较长,渗透通风条件下对控制室内ρ（PM_2.5）水平作用更显著。