基于固态碳源的同步硝化反硝化反应器对海水养殖废水中氮的去除性能

通过批次实验考察了非生物作用下3-羟基丁酸/戊酸酯共聚物(PHBV)的有机碳释放规律;以PHBV颗粒和陶粒作为填料建立了填充柱生物膜反应器,并通过长期(90 d)运行考察了其对海水养殖废水中氮的去除性能。结果表明,非生物作用下PHBV难以向水体中释放有机碳;以PHBV作为固态碳源的生物膜反应器可以实现同步硝化反硝化。反应器运行状态(HRT为2 h)稳定后,氨氮和总氮的去除率分别为(91.8±1.3)%和(87.5±2.2)%,硝化速率和反硝化速率分别为0.11 g·(L·d)⁻¹和0.20 g·(L·d)⁻¹。填充柱沿水流方向可以分为2个区段,0~20 cm柱体内主要进行同步硝化反硝化过程,20~100 cm柱体内主要进行反硝化过程;反应器中微弱的亚硝酸盐积累可以归因于短程反硝化。以上研究成果可以为海水养殖业绿色发展提供参考。     

浦阳江流域(浦江县段)面源污染模型估算及河流生态缓冲带重点区域识别

以浦阳江流域(浦江县段)为研究区,从流域面源污染空间特征入手,提出浦阳江流域岸边带建设的重点区域。采用DPeRS面源污染负荷估算模型,具体分析了2018年浦阳江流域面源污染负荷空间分布特征,并采用面向对象方法提取了岸线和河流生态缓冲带土地覆盖类型,以汇水区为单元,结合面源污染估算结果识别了浦阳江流域河流生态缓冲带重点区。结果表明：浦阳江流域中部和中北部地区面源污染排放负荷较高,面源污染入河负荷高值区主要集中于中下游地区;该流域31个汇水区中,TN和NH₄⁺-N重点汇水区有17个,主要分布在流域的中部和东北部;TP和COD重点汇水区有12个,集中分布于流域中部;浦阳江流域河流生态缓冲带范围内,植被类型和非植被类型面积占比分别为65.49%和34.51%,其中耕地面积占比29.36%,建筑用地占比11.89%;综合浦阳江流域面源污染重点汇水区和河流生态缓冲带现状遥感提取结果,筛选出的重点区包括下游地区的7号汇水区和中游地区的18~25号汇水区所在的河流生态缓冲带。今后,可针对其重点区域设计生态防护工程,也应结合源头减量、过程拦截、末端消纳与资源循环利用的防控策略,综合削减面源污染物入河量。     

Can we take the pulse of environmental governance the way we take the pulse of nature? Applying the Freshwater Health Index in Latin America

Quantitative assessments have long been used to evaluate the condition of the natural environment, providing information for standard setting, adaptive management, and monitoring. Similar approaches have been developed to measure environmental governance, however, the end result (e.g., numeric indicators) belies the subjective and normative judgments that are involved in evaluating governance. We demonstrate a framework that makes this information transparent, through an application of the Freshwater Health Index in three different river basins in Latin America. Water Governance is measured on a 0–100 scale, using data derived from perception-based surveys administered to stakeholders. Results suggest that water governance is a primary area of concern in all three places, with low overall scores (Guandu-26, Alto Mayo-38, Bogotá-43). We conclude that this approach to measuring governance at the river basin scale provides valuable information to support monitoring and decision making, and we offer suggestions on how it can be improved.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s13280-020-01407-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

多级多段纯膜MBBR工艺的脱氮稳定性与微生物菌落结构分析

采用宏观运行、原位小试及微观群落组成相结合的方式,探究了多级多段的纯膜MBBR工艺在工程应用中的脱氮效果及脱氮路径。结果表明,纯膜MBBR耦合改良磁加载沉淀工艺的HRT相比传统活性污泥工艺可缩短50%,且脱氮稳定性强。建议纯膜MBBR采用两级AO设计,并根据出水标准及进水波动情况,前缺氧和主好氧区分别设置2级以上以及2~4级工艺。在实际运行面临水质冲击时,通过生物膜传质梯度增加,可以显著提升污染物去除负荷,保证脱氮稳定性。在水质冲击幅度过大时,可以通过临时投加外投碳源的方式保证出水氮素稳定达标。纯膜MBBR优势硝化菌Nitrospira和Nitrosomonas,在主好氧区相对丰度分别达到3.50%~6.91%和0.65%~2.28%。Denitratisoma、Flavobacterium、Hyphomicrobium、Terrimonas和Rhodobacter等优势反硝化菌属的合计相对丰度10.85%~16.52%。缺氧区和好氧区污染物最大去除负荷与功能菌相对丰度均呈正相关。纯膜MBBR在前缺氧区提高了Candidatus Brocadia型厌氧氨氧化菌富集效率,相对丰度达到1.21%~1.56%,可为主流厌氧氨氧化的稳定实现提供参考。纯膜MBBR结合多级多段设计,具备节地效果好,抗冲击能力高等优势。     

基于碳源储存的污水生物脱氮除磷效率及污水处理系统延伸成本分析

以我国北方某改良型A²/O工艺 (设计规模6×10⁴ m³·d⁻¹) 为例,基于一年的运行数据,考察碳源储存与生物脱氮除磷能力之间的关系,分析碳源利用效率和能耗情况。结果表明：在7—9月,系统碳源的综合利用效率为53%~55%,这说明消耗的碳源中超过50%比例用于生物脱氮除磷;反硝化菌较聚磷菌对环境的变化更敏感;外加碳源的延伸成本占直接成本的20.5%。因此,污水处理厂应充分考虑进出水水质及环境条件变化对碳源有效利用的影响。本研究结果可为减污降碳协同增效背景下城市污水处理厂A²/O工艺及其他常规工艺的优化调控提供参考。     

Degradation of toxaphene in water during anaerobic and aerobic conditions

The degradation of technical toxaphene in water with two kinds of bioreactors operating in sequence was studied. One packed bed reactor was filled with Poraver (foam glass particles) running at anaerobic conditions and one suspended carrier biofilm reactor working aerobically. Chemical oxygen demand (COD), chloride, sulphate, pH, dissolved oxygen, total toxaphene and specific toxaphene isomers were measured. After 6 weeks approx. 87% of the total toxaphene was degraded reaching 98% by week 39. The majority of the conversion took place in the anaerobic reactor. The concentrations of toxaphene isomers with more chlorine substituents decreased more rapidly than for isomers with less chlorine substituents.     

Kosetice, Czech Republic--ten years of air pollution monitoring and four years of evaluating the origin of persistent organic pollutants

The regional observatory Kosetice is a central European background station. Unique continuous monitoring from 1988 on is held here. POP (persistent organic pollutant) concentration values of air samples from Kosetice taken between 1996 and 2005 were statistically processed. Values of Czech ambient air quality standards were not exceeded. Concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons reached two maxima, in 1996 and 2001-2002. Polychlorinated biphenyls concentrations reached the highest values in 1997 and 1998 and hexachlorocyclohexanes concentrations in 1998. DDTs, hexachlorobenzene and pentachlorobenzene were analysed as well. Long-range transport of pollutants between 2002 and 2005 was evaluated using the Potential Source Contribution Function hybrid receptor model. Indicated potential source areas of PCBs coincide with many well-known urban and industrialised areas, while the indicated potential source areas of HCHs and DDTs coincide with many agricultural and/or forested regions and the potential source areas of HCB comprise all land use types.     

东江流域水污染控制与水生态系统恢复技术与综合示范

归纳了水专项东江项目2008—2013年的主要研究成果:针对保护优质水源的国家需求,选择典型的东江流域开展前瞻性的水污染控制技术研发并进行工程示范,创建了由常规水质指标实时在线化,痕量污染物控制指标识别筛选全流域优化,生物毒性指标甄别多属性全程化等成套技术构成的水源流域水质风险识别技术体系;由各类工艺废水脱毒减害,同质污水区域集中强化处理,排水持续净化等成套技术构成的水环境风险控制工程技术体系;由水生物链各物种生长状况评级,生境恢复和物种受损关键环节恢复等成套技术构成的生态健康维护技术体系。集成以上3个技术体系形成成套的流域水环境风险控制技术体系集。基于上述技术创新提出了“控制风险、维护生态、保水甘甜、发展持续”的水源流域管理创新总体策略。研发的技术体系与策略在东江流域的示范与应用,实现了东江主干流水质常年优于Ⅱ类的污染控制目标。     

Molecular tools for bathing water assessment in Europe: Balancing social science research with a rapidly developing environmental science evidence-base

The use of molecular tools, principally qPCR, versus traditional culture-based methods for quantifying microbial parameters (e.g., Fecal Indicator Organisms) in bathing waters generates considerable ongoing debate at the science–policy interface. Advances in science have allowed the development and application of molecular biological methods for rapid (~2 h) quantification of microbial pollution in bathing and recreational waters. In contrast, culture-based methods can take between 18 and 96 h for sample processing. Thus, molecular tools offer an opportunity to provide a more meaningful statement of microbial risk to water-users by providing near-real-time information enabling potentially more informed decision-making with regard to water-based activities. However, complementary studies concerning the potential costs and benefits of adopting rapid methods as a regulatory tool are in short supply. We report on findings from an international Working Group that examined the breadth of social impacts, challenges, and research opportunities associated with the application of molecular tools to bathing water regulations.     

以聚己内酯作为生物反硝化固体碳源的研究

为解决水体因低碳氮比而导致脱氮效率差的问题,将颗粒聚己内酯(PCL)重新塑形为阶梯环状,研究其作为反硝化过程的生物膜载体与固相碳源的反硝化性能。结果表明,在静态实验中,平均反硝化速率为8.57 mg NO3-N/(L·h);反硝化过程为零级反应。连续填充床实验中,超过90%的硝酸盐可被去除,出水NO2-N质量浓度低于0.20 mg/L;出水NH3-N质量浓度略有上升;出水溶解性有机碳(DOC)先上升后降低至1 mg/L左右。电子扫描显微镜扫描显示,PCL阶梯环反应表面空隙率较高,表面生物膜以杆菌为主,反应后被明显腐蚀;液相色谱检测显示PCL阶梯环分子量反应前后略有下降,其结构未受到破坏;表明该材料适合作为反硝化反应的碳源的同时,又可以作为载体供微生物附着生长。