基于生态供受体理论的全国水土保持重要区识别

科学评估土壤保持功能是生态保护红线划定的基础.依据生态供受体理论,针对土壤保持服务对应的水土流失这一生态问题,从水土流失的供体（水土流失量）、受体（人口密度）、辐射传输（距离水体距离）三个方面构建模型,分析土壤保持功能的重要性.结果表明全国潜在侵蚀量577.34×10¹⁰t/a,潜在土壤侵蚀随着坡度和降水量的增加而增加.土壤保持功能极重要区面积98.98×10⁴km²,主要分布在西南地区的无量山和哀牢山,黄土高原东部,东南地区的浙闽丘陵,东部地区的鲁中山区、鲁东半岛,以及辽东半岛.西南地区山高、谷深、坡陡、流急、地形稳定性差等因素造成水土流失严重,维持该地区的水土保持功能极为重要;西北地区的黄土高原土质疏松且多暴雨导致水土流失比较严重,维持该地区土壤保持功能非常重要.对比常用的生态保护功能模型,供受体理论模型除考虑自然影响因素之外,突出了人类活动的因素,对评估生态保护功能与水土保持生态风险更客观.依据供受体理论构建的土壤保持模型适用于土壤保持功能和土壤潜在侵蚀风险的评估,可作为评估生态系统安全和划定生态保护红线的重要依据.     

电源模式对ADC12高硅铝合金微弧氧化膜层组织与性能的影响

目的探究三种电源模式对ADC12高硅铝合金微弧氧化膜层性能的影响,从中选择对其微弧氧化膜层性能较优的电源模式。方法在三种不同电源模式(交流电源、单极性脉冲电源和双极性脉冲电源)的条件下,应用微弧氧化(MAO)技术在ADC12高硅铝合金表面制备了陶瓷膜层,并采用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、显微硬度计、摩擦磨损试验机等手段表征ADC12铝合金微弧氧化膜层的显微组织与性能。结果三种电源模式下微弧氧化膜层中都存在α-Al_2O_3、γ-Al_2O_3和Al9Si等物相;双脉冲模式下制备的微弧氧化膜层的致密性最好,厚度为15μm,硬度达到719 HV,摩擦系数为1.2左右,膜层与基体开始脱落的载荷为25.8 N。交流模式下制备的微弧氧化膜层膜厚较低,厚度为9μm,硬度达到698 HV,摩擦系数为1.35左右,膜层与基体开始脱落的载荷为19.5 N。单极性模式下制备的微弧氧化膜层厚度为17μm,但硬度为706 HV,摩擦系数为1.35左右,膜层与基体开始脱落的载荷为13.09 N。结论通过三种电源模式的比较,ADC12高硅铝合金在双极性脉冲电源模式下制得膜层的综合性能较好。     

智慧水务背景下的供水管网漏损控制研究进展

供水管网漏损是国内外供水行业面临的普遍难题,不仅造成大量的水资源浪费,而且带来管网水质二次污染风险.因此,管网漏损控制一直是供水行业的研究热点.尤其是近年来智慧水务的发展,使管网基础信息与运行监测数据不断完善,大大推动了管网漏损控制技术的发展.综述了管网破损预测、管网漏损识别定位、管网漏损控制方案优化、数据质量控制与漏损管理系统等方面的研究进展,并分析了当前研究的特点与不足,以期为管网漏损控制技术的发展提供借鉴.     

Variations in concentrations and bioavailability of heavy metals in rivers caused by water conservancy projects: Insights from water regulation of the Xiaolangdi Reservoir in the Yellow River

Water regulation of the Xiaolangdi Reservoir of the Yellow River was chosen as a case to investigate variations in concentrations and bioavailability of heavy metals caused by water conservancy projects in rivers. Water and suspended sediment (SPS) samples were collected at downstream sampling sites along the river during this period. Concentrations and speciation of Zn, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Pb in water and SPS samples were analyzed, and their bioaccumulation was studied with Daphnia magna. This study indicated that the exchangeable and carbonate-bound fractions of heavy metals in SPS decreased along the studied stretch, and the dissolved heavy metal concentrations increased along the river with 1.6–15 folds. This is because sediment resuspension increased along the river during water regulation, giving rise to the increase of heavy metal release from SPS. The dissolved Zn, Cu, Ni, and Pb concentrations were significantly positively correlated with SPS concentrations, and their increase along the river was greater than Cr. The body burdens of heavy metals in D. magna exposed into samples collected from the reservoir outlet were 1.3–3.0 times lower than those from downstream stations, suggesting that the heavy metal bioavailability increased during water regulation. This should be considered in the reservoir operation.     

Comparative study of carbonic anhydrase activity in waters among different geological eco-environments of Yangtze River basin and its ecological significance

This study provides the presence of carbonic anhydrase(CA) activity in waters of the Yangtze River basin, China, as well as the correlation of CA activity with HCO-3 concentration and CO_2 sink flux. Different degrees of CA activity could be detected in almost all of the water samples from different geological eco-environments in all four seasons. The CA activity of water samples from karst areas was significantly higher than from non-karst areas(PP3-concentration(r = 0.672, P2 sink flux(r = 0.602, P = 0.076) in karst areas. This suggests that CA in waters might have a promoting effect on carbon sinks for atmospheric CO_2 in karst river basins. In conditions of similar geological type, higher CA activity was generally detected in water samples taken from areas that exhibited better eco-environments, implying that the CA activity index of waters could be used as an indicator for monitoring ecological environments and protection of river basins. These findings suggest that the role of CA in waters in the karst carbon sink potential of river basins is worthy of further in-depth studies.     

盾构隧道安全疏散通道加压送风计算分析

为防止盾构隧道行车道发生火灾时烟气侵入人员疏散通道,可通过在盾构隧道疏散通道内设置独立机械加压送风系统保证疏散通道内正压状态进行防烟,提高人员疏散安全性。分别利用风速法和压差法对某隧道工程疏散通道加压送风系统送风量进行试算,并采用FDS(Fire Dynamics Simulator)软件对疏散前室送风、疏散通道单侧送风及疏散通道双侧送风3种加压送风方式进行模拟分析,对比不同加压送风方式下各疏散口风速、温度、能见度的情况。结果表明,通过风速法计算得到的加压送风量要大于压差法。采用前室加压送风会造成较强的气流扰动,导致疏散口附近风速及温度剧烈波动,部分烟气进入前室,不利于人员疏散。采用疏散通道加压送风时,疏散口处风速稳定。但采用单侧加压送风时,火源下游疏散口处会有部分烟气积聚,影响人员疏散。采用双侧加压送风时烟气积聚少,疏散口附近温度、能见度等安全指标均在临界范围内,防烟效果良好,可以保证人员疏散安全。因此,建议采用纵向疏散通道加压送风,送风量建议采用风速法计算,当采用纵向疏散通道双侧加压送风时,建议在风速法得出的送风量基础上增加10%作为安全值。     

A nanofilter composed of carbon nanotube-silver composites for virus removal and antibacterial activity improvement

We have developed a new nanofilter using a carbon nanotube-silver composite material that is capable of efficiently removing waterborne viruses and bacteria.The nanofilter was subjected to plasma surface treatment to enhance its flow rate,which was improved by approximately 62%.Nanoscale pores were obtained by fabricating a carbon nanotube network and using nanoparticle fixation technology for the removal of viruses.The pore size of the nanofilter was approximately 38 nm and the measured flow rate ranged from 21.0 to 97.2 L/(min·m~2)under a pressure of 1–6 kgf/cm~2 when the amount of loaded carbon nanotube-silver composite was 1.0 mg/cm~2.The nanofilter was tested against Polio-,Noro-,and Coxsackie viruses using a sensitive real-time polymerase chain reaction assay to detect the presence of viral particles within the outflow.No trace of viruses was found to flow through the nanofilter with carbon nanotube-silver composite loaded above 0.8 mg/cm~2.Moreover,the surface of the filter has antibacterial properties to prevent bacterial clogging due to the presence of 20-nm silver nanoparticles,which were synthesized on the carbon nanotube surface.     

Characteristics of change in water quality along reclaimed water intake area of the Chaobai River in Beijing, China

To reveal the basic characteristics and controlling factors of water quality change in the project Wenyu to Chaobai reclaimed water diversion, the water quality in the study area was monitored for one year at seven monitoring sites. Inverse geochemical models of the statistical groups were developed using PHREEQC to elucidate the hydrochemistry characteristics of reclaimed water and the factors. The monitoring results indicated that nitrogen and phosphorus contents were significantly reduced along the river mainly caused by seasonal and location variation. The pH ranged from 7.44 to 9.81. Photosynthesis of algae and denitrification in anaerobic microenvironment ultimately led to a sudden p H increase after the Jian River and the Chaobai River confluence. Mg~(2+)and SO_4~(2-) levels dropped obviously in the summer and increased in winter seasons after intersection. Na+and Cl-are relatively stable, and marked drop in the concentration only after the two rivers meet. And there is a decrease of Ca~(2+) and HCO~(3-) and increase in CO_3~(2-) during monitoring period. As a whole, the primary ions and nutrient components, including nitrogen and phosphorus, had high levels in winter. Algae's photosynthesis and respiration were observed to have an impact on the river water quality; there was precipitation–dissolution of minerals and denitrification from upstream to downstream. Inverse geochemical PHREEQC modeling confirmed that there was precipitation of aragonite or calcite, and gypsum or anhydrite in summer, and dissolution in winter; as well as precipitation of dolomite in winter, and cationic exchange and denitrification along the river.     

除尘器灰斗电加热器供配电节能降耗方案优化

对目前广泛使用的除尘器灰斗电加热器的供配电系统进行了分析,提出了电控设备投资更省、供配电系统运行更节能经济的优化方案,并通过工程实例进行了分析验证。