环境犯罪刑事立法缺陷及其完善建议

《刑法》第338条以污染环境罪为核心构建起来的现行环境犯罪体系存在环境立法观念偏颇、法益保护范围过窄以及刑罚力度不足三方面的缺陷。在我国环境问题依旧严重的今天,为了适应不断发展变化的社会,刑法环境犯罪体系的重构已经势在必行,应当以刑法的规范观念为指导,以污染环境罪为基础建立我国体系化的环境刑法,同时根据社会危害性配置更加严厉的刑罚。     

三峡库区沉积物秋末冬初的磷释放通量估算

2010年11月～12月在三峡水库开展了沉积物内源负荷调查,对云阳等6个长江干流点和9条支流河口的沉积物-水界面正磷酸盐含量(PO34--P)进行了分析.结果表明,支流上覆水和孔隙水中PO34--P含量略高于干流,其中支流孔隙水中的含量为9.59～29.79μg.L-1,干流孔隙水中的含量为9.01～25.36μg.L-1.根据Fick第一定律公式得到郭家坝和小江河口为PO34--P的"汇",释放通量分别为-0.63 mg.(m2.a)-1和-0.60 mg.(m2.a)-1,其它区域的PO34--P均是由孔隙水向上覆水进行扩散,释放通量的范围为0.15～2.47 mg.(m2.a)-1.假设分子扩算是沉积物营养元素迁移的主要途径,库区水体混合均匀,估算出沉积物孔隙水营养元素在沉积物-水界面的扩散迁移对上覆水体的影响程度较小,仅有-0.011%～0.098%.目前三峡水库沉积物作为内源,释磷作用还未对水质产生较大影响,但不排除水库外部污染源得到控制后,三峡库区沉积物内源营养负荷的潜在释放风险.     

《能源法》(征求意见稿)第四章的评价与完善

《能源法》(征求意见稿)第四章对能源开发利用集中立法并规定生态环境补偿值得肯定,但其存在能源开发与能源加工转换并列立法、立法术语使用混乱、能源基地建设立法错位、能源资源所有权规定有失妥当等诸多问题。建议把第四章拆分整合为能源开发和能源利用两章,前者中写入可再生能源开发项目准入等制度,后者中规定能源就地转化与能源加工转换项目准入、环境留置权和能源存留制度,并对能源国家所有权、能源的合理开采、能源基地建设等一些制度所在章节进行调整。     

Salience of law enforcement: A field experiment

We conduct a field experiment to examine whether the deterrent effect of law enforcement depends on the salience of law enforcement activity. Our focus is on illegal disposal of household garbage in residential areas. At a random subset of 56 locations in a mid-sized city, law enforcement officers supplemented their regular enforcement activities by the practice of putting brightly-colored warning labels on illegally disposed garbage bags. This treatment made the existing enforcement activities suddenly much more apparent to residents. We find evidence for a substantial reduction in illegal disposal of garbage in response to the treatment.     

The Atmosphere can be a Source of Certain Water Soluble Volatile Organic Compounds in Urban Streams

Surface water and air volatile organic compound (VOC) data from 10 U.S. Geological Survey monitoring sites were used to evaluate the potential for direct transport of VOCs from the atmosphere to urban streams. Analytical results of 87 VOC compounds were screened by evaluating the occurrence and detection levels in both water and air, and equilibrium concentrations in water (C_w^s) based on the measured air concentrations. Four compounds (acetone, methyl tertiary butyl ether, toluene, and m‐ & p‐xylene) were detected in more than 20% of water samples, in more than 10% of air samples, and more than 10% of detections in air were greater than long‐term method detection levels (LTMDL) in water. Benzene was detected in more than 20% of water samples and in more than 10% of air samples. Two percent of benzene detections in air were greater than one‐half the LTMDL in water. Six compounds (chloroform, p‐isopropyltoluene, methylene chloride, perchloroethene, 1,1,1‐trichloroethane, and trichloroethene) were detected in more than 20% of water samples and in more than 10% of air samples. Five VOCs, toluene, m‐ & p‐xylene, methyl tert‐butyl ether (MTBE), acetone, and benzene were identified as having sufficiently high concentrations in the atmosphere to be a source to urban streams. MTBE, acetone, and benzene exhibited behavior that was consistent with equilibrium concentrations in the atmosphere.     

从法学视角论地方政府环境质量负责制——兼评《环境保护法修正案草案》三审稿第六条第二款

环保法修正案三审稿,对政府环境责任予以高度关注,在总则中规定“地方各级人民政府对本行政区域的环境质量负责”,并规定相关配套制度保障落实该条款。通过对三审稿关于政府环境责任条款的分析、解读,可以明确地方政府环境质量负责制的含义,明晰该制度在总则中规定的意义。三审稿从地方政府行使环境职权和承担环境责任两方面对地方政府环境质量负责制予以制度保障和落实,但其制度保障仍不充分,仍需从制度自身完善、事前监督机制以及外部问责机制三个方面使地方政府环境质量负责制进一步落实,使地方政府环境质量负责制得到真正实施。     

非水液相混合有机污染物的过冷液体溶解度间接测量

存在于混合物中的有机污染物是现代生活环境中常见的危害性较高的污染物。有机物过冷液体溶解度不仅是环境科学研究领域的重要概念,也是环境监测、环境质量评价、制定污染治理方案所需要的重要参数。由于过冷液体溶解度无法通过常规的实验方法进行测量,只能借助热力学计算取得。但是已有的热力学参数欠缺、精度不够,很多有机物的过冷液体溶解度或者无法准确计算,或者差异巨大。针对非水液相混合有机污染物中过冷液体溶解度取值问题,本文提出了一种测量过冷液体溶解度的实验方法,即采用批处理实验在不同摩尔分数点取得该点的平衡浓度,根据实验结果将不同摩尔分数点的平衡浓度外推(依线性或者非线性规律)至摩尔分数为一时,得到值为过冷液体溶解度。本文对对几种多环芳香烃进行了实验研究,并将实验结果的与其它方法得到的数值进行比较。结果与已经发表数值吻合,证实该方法的准确性和可靠性。同时也点评了该方法的局限性及应用前景。     

Plastic pollution: A focus on freshwater biodiversity

Plastics are dominant pollutants in freshwater ecosystems worldwide. Scientific studies that investigated the interaction between plastics and freshwater biodiversity are incipient, especially if compared to the marine realm. In this review, we provide a brief overview of plastic pollution in freshwater ecosystems around the world. We found evidence of plastic ingestion by 206 freshwater species, from invertebrates to mammals, in natural or semi-natural ecosystems. In addition, we reported other consequences of synthetic polymers in freshwater ecosystems—including, for instance, the entanglement of animals of different groups (e.g., birds). The problem of plastic pollution is complex and will need coordinated actions, such as recycling programs, correct disposal, stringent legislation, regular inspection, replacement of synthetic polymers with other materials, and ecological restoration. Current information indicates that the situation in freshwater ecosystems may be as detrimental as the pollution found in the ocean, although highly underappreciated.Supplementary InformationThe online version of this article (10.1007/s13280-020-01496-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.