陕西地震现场应急技术系统在汶川地震中的应用

"十五"期间,国家在31个省(直辖市、自治区)建立了全国一体化的地震应急与救援指挥技术体系,其中包括地震现场应急技术系统.在四川汶川8.0级大地震中,陕西省地震局现场应急技术系统重点完成现场通信保障、协助现场考察等工作任务.通过对现场工作的总结分析,旨在把汶川8.0级地震现场工作中应急技术系统一些好的做法继续发扬,对在实际工作中发现的问题,提出一些改进参考建议,以便日后现场应急系统能更好地为大震现场工作服务.     

汶川地震北川县城地表断层破裂特征

2008年5月12日四川省汶川8.0级地震是由于青藏高原的挤压应力在龙门山断裂集中释放.北川位于龙门山断裂的北段,野外考察结果表明,在主断裂方向北川县城可观测到两条断裂,并且产生了明显的地表破裂,走向均为北东30°～50°,主断裂方向地表破裂约10 km,具有明显挤压逆断层特征,上盘以60°～80°高角度向北东逆冲,断层垂直位移量3～4m,水平位移量0～2 m.主断裂的地表破裂集中位于两个地层的不整合面上,上盘为寒武系细砂岩、砂页岩,下盘为泥盆系白云岩、白云质灰岩.另外在北川县城北部发现次级断裂一条,走向北西30°,地表破裂长度约4 km,表现为正断层特征.这些破裂都直接或间接受地下深部构造的控制.     

5·12汶川地震对军队和医院后勤保障工作的启示

汶川8.0级地震具有突发性强,破坏性巨大,影响范围广,继发灾害多等特点,造成了重大人员伤亡和财产损失。这次地震对我国现有的地震应急后勤保障工作是一次全面的检查和考验。根据军队在地震灾时后勤保障遇到的问题,提出了完善物资储备机制,夯实后勤保障的物质基础;完善交通运输机制,提高后勤物资输送能力的方针。针对医院后勤保障在灾时遇到通讯保障能力不足、信息报送滞后、医疗环境差、医疗设备陈旧、物资储备不足等问题,也给出了相应的处置对策和方法。     

天水地震台流体异常与汶川8.0级地震关系探讨

通过对天水台（包括子台）2008年流体资料分析,在汶川8.0地震前天水流体资料短临异常明显,同震效应突出。模拟水氡观测震前1～3月开始出现异常,5个测点基本同步变化,其特征表现为测值迅速下降,然后出现转折,在上升过程中发生地震。数字化水温资料则出现同震效应,表现为水温测值大幅下降或上升,然后在几小时内恢复。数字化水位资料出现了震后效应,表现为测值持续下降,逐渐放缓下降速率,并保持低值未恢复到原来状态。通过总结分析天水台流体资料异常,对天水台及邻区的地震趋势判断是有益的。     

汶川地震特大型滑坡分布特征研究

2008年"5.12"汶川特大地震引发了数以万计的滑坡、崩塌、危岩等次生地质灾害,对灾区人民生命财产造成了惨痛损失.尤其是破坏面积大、危害范围广的特大型滑坡,给人们生命财产造成了巨大灾难,而且潜在危险性仍然存在.笔者通过实地调查、资料查阅等方式搜集统计了汶川地震区的特大型滑坡并对其分布特征作了较为全面的归纳总结和分析研究.     

地震对城乡地表水水质长期影响分析——以四川省宝兴县为例

为研究地震前后地表水水质变化规律,以2013年4月20日雅安地震重灾区—宝兴县地表水水质变化为例,对2012 ～2019年宝兴县赵家坝断面地表水水质监测数据收集整理,单因子评价法、污染指数法(单项污染指数、综合污染指数和有机污染综合指数)和水质指数模式优化法对地震前后地表水质进行分析.结果 表明,此次地震引起水体中污染...     

Towards an earthquake-resilient world: from post-disaster reconstruction to pre-disaster prevention

ABSTRACT

Destructive earthquakes in urban or rural areas around the world have caused severe damage to local societies. Pre-disaster prevention and post-disaster reconstruction can significantly reduce the impact of earthquakes on communities. To explore the popular research topics and trends in this area, CiteSpace was used to develop a knowledge map visualization. It was found that the main research into earthquake disaster prevention and reconstruction has been focused on disaster risk reduction planning, disaster mitigation knowledge, participatory disaster governance, and community resilience building. In this Special Issue, there were six distinctive earthquake disaster research papers that covered scientific, social, and institutional aspects. It was concluded that to reduce the effects of earthquake disasters, an interdisciplinary research approach and systems thinking is needed. The investigation also revealed that there has been a paradigm shift from post-disaster reconstruction to pre-disaster prevention to build community and urban resilience.     

The geo-genetic status of earthquake-related hazards and the role of human and policy dimensions in impact mitigation

ABSTRACT

Earthquakes occur in and around active lithospheric-plate margins that are located both in diverging and converging plate-settings. New fault rupture or old active fault reactivation can cause ground shaking, land deformation, land subsidence, landslides, and mass avalanches. The relevant locations of major risk centres around the world are well known. However, the parameters such as trend, pattern, frequency and magnitude are highly variable and very difficult to determine and predict. One result is that many fundamental and universal scientific achievements for mitigating earthquake hazard have often failed in protecting and safe-guarding human life and property. Although naturally occurring events cannot be prevented nevertheless loss of life and property damage could be minimized if an integrated effort and using the wisdom of the relevant professionals are practiced. A paradigm shift of the culture from post-disaster relief and rehabilitation to pre-disaster preparation and practice would reduce the level of destruction from an impending earthquake. Requisite pre-disaster physical planning and appropriate building measures, and pre- and post-disaster risk management should give special attention to public awareness programmes for loss mitigation. However, the fundamental requirement for such achievement is dedicated approach and commitment from the planner, practitioners and end-users of risk mitigation actions.     

汶川8级大震震害特征和发震断裂运动方式探讨

2008年5月12日四川汶川8级大地震发生后,笔者随同江苏省地震救援队即赴重灾区北川县城实施救援。在救援期间所获取的现场资料基础上,对该次大震的震害特征和发震断裂运动方式进行了探讨。汶川8级特大地震的极震区地震烈度高达11度;10~11度重灾区主体沿龙门山活动断裂带呈北东方向展布。龙门山断裂带为汶川特大地震的发震断裂,其运动方式为逆冲兼右旋水平错动。由于所处的特殊地震地质环境,地震地质灾害非常严重,致使此次地震的震害更具毁灭性的特征。     

自然灾害生态环境风险及其评价——以汶川地震极重灾区次生泥石流灾害为例

灾害生态环境风险评价的关键是评价不确定性灾害事件的发生概率和它对人类依存的生态系统造成的负面后果,评价步骤包括4个部分:受体分析、风险源的概率分析、暴露和脆弱性评价、风险表征。以汶川地震10个极重灾区的研究资料为基础,评价地震次生泥石流灾害生态环境风险指数和生态环境损失,并按照生态环境风险指数和生态环境损失大小对未来10县市的生态环境风险进行了排序。综合考虑2个评价结果,汶川县、北川县、绵竹市生态环境风险较高,安县、青川县、什邡市生态环境风险较低。