浅析西吉县党家岔震湖形成原因及其对社会生活影响

现存于宁夏回族自治区固原市西吉县内、以党家岔震湖为代表的43个串珠状堰塞湖是由1920年海原大地震诱发而成。试图从土壤地貌、地形地势和水文河流三个方面对西吉县党家岔震湖形成原因予以分析,借此探究引发地震堰湖所必要的自然条件因素;另外结合史实情况,以居住方式、精神文化和经济发展三个角度来进一步揭示震湖"由无到有"这一自然环境变迁过程对当地社会生活所产生的影响,进而有益于对相关区域未来发展前景给予指导。     

Development of urban planning guidelines for improving emergency response capacities in seismic areas of Iran

This paper presents the results of research carried out to improve emergency response activities in earthquake-prone areas of Iran. The research concentrated on emergency response operations, emergency medical care, emergency transportation, and evacuation—the most important issues after an earthquake with regard to saving the lives of victims. For each topic, some guidelines and criteria are presented for enhancing emergency response activities, based on evaluations of experience of strong earthquakes that have occurred over the past two decades in Iran, notably Manjil (1990), Bam (2003), Firouz Abad-Kojour (2004), Zarand (2005) and Broujerd (2006). These guidelines and criteria are applicable to other national contexts, especially countries with similar seismic and social conditions as Iran. The results of this study should be incorporated into comprehensive plans to ensure sustainable development or reconstruction of cities as well as to augment the efficiency of emergency response after an earthquake.     

地震部门微博客应用探讨

通过政务微博客应用的实例分析,揭示其特征、效果及管理缺陷,然后探讨地震部门微博客面临的风险及风险防控,并提出应对方案,使其在地震灾害中更好地发挥传播效应,营造正面、积极的舆论氛围,更好地为防震减灾事业服务.     

Debriefing with teachers after the Marmara earthquake: an evaluation study1

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the debriefing meetings conducted after the 1999 earthquakes in Marmara, Turkey. The sample consisted of 265 teachers, 223 of whom attended the debriefing meetings. The personal satisfaction ratings of the teachers who attended the meetings revealed that they found the sessions satisfactory. The results of the comparison between those who reported that they benefited from the meetings and those who felt they did not indicated that the first group had lower scores on all of the psychopathology measures. A comparison between 42 teachers who did not attend the meetings and a randomly chosen group of 45 teachers who did attend revealed that the two groups differed significantly in terms of their post‐traumatic stress symptom scores. The findings of the study suggest that, in general, the teachers' debriefing sessions were satisfactory.     

地震损失经济学评估模型灾损参数的统计研究

地震应急管理有助于震后救灾工作的顺利进行。传统的灾损评估需要有关人员进入现场根据地震破坏情况进行评估,这会影响评估的时效性。通过对地震灾损参数进行统计学研究,利用现有的研究成果,以统计指数、数据包络分析为理论基础,将现有的基于不同房屋结构类型、不同破坏等级的震害矩阵进行降维,确定了灾损参数,并以青海玉树地震为例,运用灾损参数实现了灾损的快速评估。     

汶川地震灾区小流域洪水计算方法初探

汶川地震灾区小流域山洪不仅造成巨大损失,同时也是泥石流等灾害的激发因素,探寻一种准确且可操作的洪水峰值流量计算方法对防灾减灾具有重要意义。本文选择不同产流和汇流计算方法,组合成不同水文模型,进行小流域洪水过程计算,对模拟结果和参数选择进行对比,旨在探究最适合该地区的小流域水文计算方法。分别选择SCS曲线法、Green-Ampt入渗法、初损稳渗法进行坡面产流计算,应用SCS单位线法、Snyder单位线法和运动波方程进行坡面和沟道汇流计算,组合成5种小流域产汇流计算模型,利用6场洪水进行参数率定和结果验证。模拟结果对比分析,得出SCS曲线法是最适宜的产流模型,其与SCS单位线、运动波汇流计算方法组合而成的SCS和SKK模型,峰现时间的模拟误差最小,在0~25 min之间;洪峰流量模拟的相对误差较小,平均误差不超过4%;洪水总量模拟误差在10%左右。另外,这两种模型参数设置及确定较简单,更适合在数据稀缺的小流域中进行洪水模拟应用。研究可为汶川地震灾区小流域山洪和泥石流等灾害的流量估算提供方法和参数借鉴。     

震害下电-气关联生命线网络韧性研究

随着各类生命线网络间关联日益紧密,对关联生命线网络进行韧性研究刻不容缓。以地震灾害为背景,构建了城市电-气关联生命线网络韧性评估框架,并基于电力潮流分析和天然气稳态仿真分析,建立了考虑电力网络和燃气网络功能特性的性能评价指标。同时,以关联的IEEE30节点网络和20节点燃气网络为案例,结合评估框架分析网络韧性在不同恢复预算和恢复资源下的变化规律,为资源优化配置提供依据,为建设“韧性城市”提供支撑。     

Beyond performance and protocols: early responders' experiences of multiple accountability demands in the response to the 2015 Nepal earthquake

Critics have long questioned the push for professionalised and performance‐driven accountability in the humanitarian sector, yet the matter is largely treated as a ‘back office’ issue of standards, guidelines, and processes. Scant attention is paid to the accountability demands experienced by early responders to disasters. Set in the contested climate of the emergency response to the earthquake in Nepal on 25 April 2015, and drawing on interviews with 15 early responders, this paper reveals three forms of accountability demands: (i) accountability as compliance; (ii) accountability as the object of government regulation; and (iii) accountability as public opposition and interrogation. Beyond the performance‐centric, non‐governmental organisation‐driven understanding of accountability, early responders to the earthquake experienced multidirectional accountability demands, not only from donors and beneficiaries, but also from the national government and wider public. Engaging with public criticism is a significant feature of early responders' responsibility that warrants further consideration by the humanitarian community.     

The continued operation of businesses after an earthquake: a case study from Lushan County,China

This study performed a comparative analysis of changes in the operating status of initial surviving disaster‐stricken businesses and non‐disaster‐stricken businesses in Lushan County, China, after a devastating earthquake on 20 April 2013. It used a logistic regression model to explore the key factors associated with ‘post‐disaster continued business operation’ in the long term. Field data were collected from 1,078 businesses and questionnaire data from 263 small businesses between 2013 and 2017. The results indicate that a higher proportion of initial surviving disaster‐stricken businesses than non‐disaster‐stricken businesses managed to remain operational in each observation period. The continued operation of disaster‐stricken businesses after the earthquake was positively associated with the owner's age, previous disaster experience, pre‐disaster financial conditions, closure duration, and borrowing money from family or friends. A negative association was found with the size of the business. The findings serve as a vital reference for strategies to promote post‐disaster continued business operation.     

鲁甸6.5级地震地质灾害调查分析

2014年8月3日云南鲁甸发生6.5级地震,震级不大、灾情较重。震后排查和地震震前后对比显示,滑坡崩塌灾害是加剧灾情的关键因素之一;震后新增隐患沿河谷岸坡脊线、公路边坡开挖线、断裂带"三线耦合"部位集中分布的特征;中小型滑坡主要由地震动触发,大规模滑坡是由断裂活动和地震动联合触发。研究建议在西南山区的应急减灾能力建设中应综合考虑地震和地质灾害,分阶段规划。