杭州西湖水体生态环境参数的相互关系

采用 2 0 0 0年的西湖常规监测数据 ,分析了西湖水体中生态环境特征参数的季节变化和相互关系。分析表明 ,西湖水体各生态环境参数 ,除总氮外 ,均呈现出明显的季节性变化 ,总磷、溶性正磷酸盐、叶绿素 a和藻类季节变化一致 ,在夏季形成高峰 ,冬季最低 ;三无机氮高峰值出现在冬季 ,夏季含量为全年最低。 2 0 0 0年西湖水体总氮年均值为 2 .0 5 m g/L ,总磷年均值为 0 .12 6mg/L ,N/P大于 16,西湖属于磷控制型富营养湖泊。通过相关分析 ,从另一方面说明磷是西湖水体的限制因子 ;硝酸盐对西湖沉积物和湖水之间的磷酸盐平衡有一定的影响 ;硝酸盐对西湖水体中浮游植物生长繁殖可能有抑制作用     

Bacterial water quality: Springs and streams in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park

Water samples from streams and springs in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park were analyzed for fecal coliform, fecal streptococcus, and total coliform bacteria. Levels of bacteria were found to be highly variable but related to elevation, time of year, type of water source, and water level of the streams. Visitors did not seem to be major contributors to bacterial contamination. Levels of fecal coliform and total coliform in most water samples were unsuitable for drinking without treatment. Tennessee state standards for body contact recreation (swimming and wading) were exceeded in a few samples but none from streams suitable for swimming. As a result of these findings, park managers increased efforts to inform visitors of the need to treat drinking water and removed improvements at backcountry springs which tended to give the springs the image of safe, maintained water sources.     

Agricultural area impacts within a natural area: Cades cove,a case history

Agricultural management in Cades Cove, an historic district in Great Smoky Mountains National Park, has affected natural resources both within the district and in the adjoining natural areas. Aquatic impacts of haying and cattle grazing included increases in water temperatures, turbidity, nutrient loading, and bacterial counts and decreases in benthic macroinvertebrate density and fish biomass. Wildlife populations, including groundhogs, wild turkeys, and white-tailed deer, have increased in the open fields and around the periphery of the historic district. Intensive deer foraging has removed deciduous seedlings and saplings from woodlots, lowering species diversity and favoring coniferous reproduction. Cades Cove has limestone habitats unique in the park, and both deer browse and cattle grazing may have disturbed populations of rare plant species. Effects on water quality are detectable at a campground 15 stream km from the agricultural area, and the effects of deer foraging extend about 1 km beyond the open fields.Since historic landscape preservation is presently a goal of the park, managing for open vistas in Cades Cove will require some sort of continuing disturbance. Conversion of cattle pastures to hayfields would reduce aquatic impacts but the deer herd might increase as a result of reduced competition for forage. Retarding old field succession would increase populations of native plant species dependent on sunlight, but would require government-funded mowing. Other options are discussed. Completely eliminating the effects of the historic district on adjoining areas may be impossible, at least under present economic constraints.     

CLIMATOLOGICAL WATERSHED CALIBRATION1

ABSTRACT: This study tests the hypothesis that climatic data can be used to develop a watershed model so that stream flow changes following forest harvest can be determined. Measured independent variables were precipitation, daily maximum and minimum temperature, and concurrent relative humidity. Computed variables were humidity deficit, saturated vapor pressure, and ambient vapor pressure. These climatic variables were combined to compute a monthly evaporation index. Finally, the evaporation index and monthly precipitation were regressed with measured monthly stream flow and the monthly estimates of stream flow were combined for the hydrologic year. A regression of predicted versus measured annual stream flow had a standard error of 1.5 inches (within 6.1 percent of the measured value). When 10, 15, and 20 years of data were used to develop the regression equations, predicted minus measured stream flow for the last 7 years of record (1972–1978) were within 16.8, 11.5, and 9.7 percent of the measured mean, respectively. Although single watershed calibration can be used in special conditions, the paired watershed approach is expected to remain the preferred method for determining the effects of forest management on the water resource.     

Stricter Ozone Ambient Air Quality Standard Has Beneficial Effect on Ponderosa Pine in California

Ambient air quality standards and control strategies are implemented to protect humans and vegetation from adverse effects. We used a process-based tree-growth model (TREGRO) to show that over the past 37 years, changes in O₃ exposure, with accompanying variation in climate, are reflected in changes in the growth of Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws. in the San Bernardino Mountains near Los Angeles, California, USA. Despite variation in temperature and precipitation over the study period (1963–1999), O₃ exposure consistently reduced simulated tree growth. Simulated growth reductions increased concurrent with increasing O₃ exposure. The maximum growth reduction occurred in 1979. As O₃ exposures decreased during the 1980s and 1990s, effects on growth also decreased. This implies that emission control strategies taken to reduce exposures to attain O₃ standards benefited P. ponderosa growth in the San Bernardino Mountains. This modeling approach provides a powerful tool for solving the difficult problem of evaluating regulatory effectiveness by simulating plant response using long-term climate and air pollution exposure records for a given region.Phone 541 754-4621 Fax 541 754-4799     

新疆天山北坡经济带生态环境保护思路探讨

随着区域经济的发展和自然资源的开发，区域生态环境状况面临严峻的考验。本文分析了新疆天山北坡经济带的生态环境现状、特点及发展趋势，重点阐述了该区域生态环境保护与治理的思路，并提出一些相应的对策和建议。     

Characteristics of winter backcountry use in Great Smoky Mountains National Park

Numerous backcountry and wilderness use studies have been conducted over the last decade, but nearly all of them have concentrated on peak season and summer use. This study investigates use patterns and user characteristics of winter campers, and implications for the management of winter backcountry overnight use. Use pattern data were collected from 580 backcountry use permits for both winter and summer campers of Great Smoky Mountains National Park (GSMNP). A two-page questionnaire was also mailed to 300 of the winter users to survey their characteristics, past backpacking experience, and reasons for winter camping. Backcountry permit data indicate that use patterns differ significantly between winter and summer campers, with winter campers taking shorter, weekend, destination-type trips. Winter campers engage in backcountry camping nearly twice as often during winter as other seasons of the year, both in and outside GSMNP. They are also experienced hikers that tend to avoid camping in Great Smoky Mountains National Park during the summer because of heavy visitor use. This suggests that winter backcountry campers are different enough from peak season campers that management of these two user groups may require different styles.     

近43年来小兴安岭及周边地区的气候变化特征

利用黑龙江省的逐日气象资料,对过去43年中的小兴安岭及周边地区的气候变化特征进行了分析,并与黑龙江全省的情况进行了比较.结果表明:该地区的气候变化特征与黑龙江全省基本一致,气候特征的季节性变化比较明显,同时小兴安岭地区的气候变化对周边地区产生了一定的影响.全省范围内气温均呈变暖趋势,小兴安岭最低气温的升高对其周边地区有一定的拉动作用全省以及小兴安岭及其周边地区年降水量出现较大波动的同时,降水越来越集中,且小兴安岭及其周边地区的水分条件要好于全省的平均水平.     

皖西大别山区生态足迹实证分析-以金寨县为例

在简要介绍生态足迹模型的基础上,以皖西大别山区金寨县为例,对该地区2002年的经济发展的状况进行了实证分析.结果表明,金寨县2002年的经济发展是可持续的,其中在生态承载力中,林地贡献率最大,其次为草地,分别占77.0%和19.2%;耕地和水域贡献率最低,分别为1.5%和1.3%;在所需的生态足迹中,耕地足迹最大,其次为化石燃料,分别占47.7%和42.0%,草地、建筑用地、水域、林地足迹较小.     

西南地区生态文化旅游科技发展战略初探

西南地区旅游资源丰富多样,但经济发展水平相对落后.要实现西南地区经济社会的腾飞,必须实施生态文化旅游科技发展战略.在分析西南地区旅游资源特点的基础上,指出了旅游发展的战略目标及主要任务,并提出了相关建议.