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221.
Populations of introduced European wild boar, feral pigs, and combinations of both types (all Susscrola L.) inhabit thirteen areas in the National Park Service system. All parks have relatively stable populations, with the exception of Great Smoky Mountains National Park, which reported a rapidly expanding wild boar population. Suspected and documented impacts were apparently related to pig densities and sensitivity of the ecosystem; the three largest units with dense wild pig populations reported the most damage. Overall, wild pigs are a relatively minor problem for the Park Service; however, problems are severe in at least three parks, and there is potential for invasion of wild boars into several additional parks in the Appalachian Mountains. More specific information is needed on numbers of wild pigs and their impacts in the various parks.  相似文献   
222.
Predicting the multiple pathways of plant succession   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
Classical concepts view succession as a deterministic, mechanistic regeneration of the disturbed community, and thus have limited applicability to fire-prone ecosystems, A recently developed multiple pathway succession model appears to have more realism and applicability in frequently disturbed ecosystems. It includes a set of species-specific attributes that are vital to reproduction and survival, and permits variable succession pathways depending on the stand's age (and thus species composition) when disturbed. Examples from Australia and the northern Rocky Mountains (USA) are presented, as are approaches to refining and improving the model.  相似文献   
223.
ABSTRACT: Streams integrate biogeochemical processes operating at broad to local spatial scales and long term to short term time scales. Humans have extensively altered those processes in North America, with serious consequences for aquatic ecosystems. We collected data on Upper Tennessee River tributaries in North Carolina to: (1) compare landuse and landscape geomorphology with respect to their ability to explain variation in water quality, sedimentation measures, and large woody debris; (2) determine if landscape change over time contributed significantly to explaining present stream conditions; and (3) assess the importance of spatial scale in examining landuse influences on streams. Stream variables were related to both landuse and landscape geomorphology. Forest cover accounted for the most variation in nearly all models, supporting predictions of nutrient enrichment, thermal pollution, and sedimentation caused by landscape disturbance. Legacy effects from past catchment disturbance were apparent in sedimentation measures. Nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations, as well as stream temperature, were lower where riparian buffers had reforested. Models of stream physicochemistry fit better when predictors were catchment wide rather than more localized (i.e., within 2 km of a site). Cumulative impacts to streams due to changes in landuse must be managed from a watershed perspective with quantitative models that integrate across scales.  相似文献   
224.
本文分析了西南地区旅游资源的现状,探讨了西南旅游资源的分区,并结合我国当前大力发展第三产业的要求,提出了开发西南旅游资源的对策。  相似文献   
225.
区域空气资源的评估方法及其在台湾海峡西岸地区的应用   总被引:3,自引:2,他引:1  
从区域大气环境管理的需要出发,提出了空气资源的概念、等级计算及评估方法.以台湾海峡西岸(简称"海西")地区为例,在深入分析该地区污染气候特征和各种特殊污染气象过程特点、频率及对空气资源的制约因素基础上,利用新一代气象模式WRF进行了区域尺度和局地尺度的气象场模拟.从模拟的气象要素场及湍流特征量中筛选出影响空气资源的主要...  相似文献   
226.
天山山地河流水体中微量重金属的分布特征及形态分析   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
为了解绿洲经济迅速发展背景下天山山地河流水体中重金属分布特征及形态特征,对乌鲁木齐-阿克苏、巴里坤-伊吾、昭苏-特克斯等3个区段河流干支流重金属Zn、Cu、Pb、Cr、As、Hg、Cd的分布、来源、污染状况及存在形态进行了分析.结果表明:1天山山地各取样河流的p H值大部分在8.0左右,为偏碱性的环境;各取样点水体的氧化还原反应电位值在150~200 m V之间,为弱氧化的环境.水质评价表明,3个采样区段河流中7种重金属的含量均低于国家Ⅰ类水质标准及WHO饮用水健康的建议标准.2多元统计分析表明,7种重金属可以归为3个主成分,其中PC1(Hg、Zn和Pb)主要受人为污染因素的影响;PC 2(Cr和As)主要受自然地质背景的影响;PC 3(Cd和Cu)同时受人为和自然因素的共同影响.3污染评价表明,天山山地河流中7种重金属的单因子污染指数值和综合污染指数值均小于1,属于安全等级,清洁水平.4形态分析表明,重金属Pb、Cd和Hg在天山中部的乌鲁木齐-阿克苏区段干支流,重金属As和Cu在天山东部的巴里坤-伊吾区段和天山西部的昭苏-特克斯区段干支流中溶解态的含量均大于50%,生物毒性较大.总体上,3个采样区段河流干支流重金属的总量及溶解态含量均较低,未造成污染.但在天山山地中部的乌鲁木齐-阿克苏区段,河流干支流中重金属Pb、Cd和Hg的总量及溶解态含量较高.应加强对该区域人类活动的合理规划以及河流水质监测,防止因人为污染而导致河流水体中重金属的含量过高,危害生态环境.  相似文献   
227.
The long‐term integrity of protected areas (PAs), and hence the maintenance of related ecosystem services (ES), are dependent on the support of local people. In the present study, local people's perceptions of ecosystem services from PAs and factors that govern local preferences for PAs are assessed. Fourteen study villages were randomly selected from three different protected forest areas and one control site along the southern coast of Côte d'Ivoire. Data was collected through a mixed‐method approach, including qualitative semi‐structured interviews and a household survey based on hypothetical choice scenarios. Local people's perceptions of ecosystem service provision was decrypted through qualitative content analysis, while the relation between people's preferences and potential factors that affect preferences were analyzed through multinomial models. This study shows that rural villagers do perceive a number of different ecosystem services as benefits from PAs in Côte d'Ivoire. The results based on quantitative data also suggest that local preferences for PAs and related ecosystem services are driven by PAs' management rules, age, and people's dependence on natural resources.  相似文献   
228.
干旱半干旱地区重污染河流水质水量响应关系预测研究   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0  
朱磊  李怀恩  李家科 《环境科学学报》2012,32(10):2617-2624
通过建立渭河关中段水质水量响应关系程序,对渭河关中段规划水平年(2020年)不同来水频率(P)条件下丰水期、平水期、枯水期的水质水量响应关系进行定量化分析研究.结果表明,规划水平年丰水期、平水期、枯水期同一断面在不同来水频率下COD和NH+4-N从小到大的排序均为:P=25%、P=50%、P=75%、P=95%.规划水平年丰水期、平水期、枯水期的COD在林家村断面至兴平断面较小,低于地表水环境质量标准(GB3838—2002)Ⅴ类水标准,而后逐渐开始升高,南营断面COD涨幅较大,至咸阳断面升至最高,后又逐渐减低;规划水平年丰水期、平水期、枯水期的NH+4-N在林家村断面至兴平断面较小,低于地表水环境质量标准Ⅴ类水标准,而后逐渐开始升高,咸阳断面NH+4-N增幅较大,至树园断面升至最高.  相似文献   
229.
王相男  张喆  刘方青 《环境科学》2024,45(3):1315-1327
针对天山北坡城市群开展PM2.5浓度时空分布特征和影响因素分析,对区域经济建设和环境保护具有积极的意义.通过地理加权回归(GWR)模型,利用MCD19A2气溶胶产品结合气象因子,反演得到天山北坡城市群2015~2021年3~11月的PM2.5浓度时空分布,继而实现变化趋势和影响因素分析.结果如下:①研究区PM2.5浓度高值主要分布在天山北麓和古尔班通古特沙漠之间的绿洲城市群地带,呈现“四周低,中间高”和“西低东高”的空间分布特征,2015~2021年研究区的ρ(PM2.5)年均值为16.98 μg·m-3,高值主要聚集在乌鲁木齐市市区部分,并向昌吉市和阜康市延伸递减;ρ(PM2.5)月均值分布规律与年均一致,但存在季节差异,表现为:秋季(20.32 μg·m-3)>春季(18.25 μg·m-3)>夏季(12.47 μg·m-3),春季和冬季聚集现象会更明显;②研究区PM2.5浓度年均值在2015~2021年呈现下降趋势,3~10月均值同样表现为下降趋势,仅11月表现为略有升高;从PM2.5浓度变化趋势空间分布分析,下降集中在主要城市市区部分,尤其是乌鲁木齐市市区部分及其周边地区减少幅度最大,变化最为剧烈;③研究区气温、气压与PM2.5浓度呈现正相关效应,而相对湿度,风速,大气边界层高度,降水量与PM2.5浓度呈现负相关效应;各因子影响程度从高向低排列为:大气边界层高度>相对湿度>气压>气温>风速>降水量.  相似文献   
230.
The Eastern Arc Mountains (EAMs) of Tanzania and Kenya support some of the most ancient tropical rainforest on Earth. The forests are a global priority for biodiversity conservation and provide vital resources to the Tanzanian population. Here, we make a first attempt to predict the spatial distribution of 40 EAM tree species, using generalised additive models, plot data and environmental predictor maps at sub 1 km resolution. The results of three modelling experiments are presented, investigating predictions obtained by (1) two different procedures for the stepwise selection of predictors, (2) down-weighting absence data, and (3) incorporating an autocovariate term to describe fine-scale spatial aggregation. In response to recent concerns regarding the extrapolation of model predictions beyond the restricted environmental range of training data, we also demonstrate a novel graphical tool for quantifying envelope uncertainty in restricted range niche-based models (envelope uncertainty maps). We find that even for species with very few documented occurrences useful estimates of distribution can be achieved. Initiating selection with a null model is found to be useful for explanatory purposes, while beginning with a full predictor set can over-fit the data. We show that a simple multimodel average of these two best-model predictions yields a superior compromise between generality and precision (parsimony). Down-weighting absences shifts the balance of errors in favour of higher sensitivity, reducing the number of serious mistakes (i.e., falsely predicted absences); however, response functions are more complex, exacerbating uncertainty in larger models. Spatial autocovariates help describe fine-scale patterns of occurrence and significantly improve explained deviance, though if important environmental constraints are omitted then model stability and explanatory power can be compromised. We conclude that the best modelling practice is contingent both on the intentions of the analyst (explanation or prediction) and on the quality of distribution data; generalised additive models have potential to provide valuable information for conservation in the EAMs, but methods must be carefully considered, particularly if occurrence data are scarce. Full results and details of all species models are supplied in an online Appendix.  相似文献   
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