西部地区农村贫困现状、原因及对策探析

实施开发式扶贫政策以来。西部地区扶贫工作取得了令人鼓舞的成就．但由于多方面原因。扶贫任务仍然十分艰巨。本文从西部地区农村贫困现状出发．根据汉森理论．对西部地区农村贫困原因作了深入分析。最后提出了治理贫困对策。     

天山典型冰川区雪冰中碳质气溶胶浓度特征研究

根据2002年与2004年在天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川与奎屯河哈希勒根51号冰川采集的粒雪与冰川冰样品,利用热/光反射法(TOR)分析得到有机碳(OC)与元素碳(EC)的浓度,并探讨了天山典型冰川区雪冰中碳质气溶胶浓度的时空特征与环境意义.结果表明,总碳(TC)浓度从高到低依次为:乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川西支雪坑(1 943 ng.g-1)>乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川东支雪坑(989 ng.g-1)>奎屯河哈希勒根51号冰川雪坑(150 ng.g-1)>乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川东支冰川冰(77 ng.g-1),OC和EC的浓度序列也较为类似;天山冰川区雪层中OC浓度平均值为557 ng.g-1,EC浓度平均值为188 ng.g-1.不同冰川积累区雪层剖面的中下部污化层附近一般都会出现碳质气溶胶浓度峰值,但某些突发性事件会使得表层雪也产生浓度峰值;在季节性碳排放(如居民采暖、农业活动等)与碳传输(如大气环流等)的影响下,雪层中碳质气溶胶浓度在7～11月间总体呈波动下降的趋势;冰川冰与粒雪间碳质气溶胶浓度可能存在着数量级的差异,这主要受到冰川所在环境、雪冰采样时空条件等因素影响;雪层表面是否存在EC对反照率有很大影响,模拟显示在波长为300～700 nm范围内反照率平均降低0.22.     

西营灌区饮水安全工程运行管理现状及其对策

本文简析了甘肃省武威市凉州区西营灌区饮水安全工程的管理、水质监测和水源地保护等方面采取的措施,并就出现的问题提出了一些对策,以期促进该灌区饮水安全工程的科学发展。     

安徽大别山区杉木人工林乔木层生物量模型及碳贮量

根据杉木人工林年龄(10、22、45、48和50年生)梯度,在安徽大别山海拔较高山地调查了23块20m×20m的样地,采集18株不同径阶和树高的标准木,进行了生物量测定。利用7种常用的分别以D、D2、DH和D2 H为自变量的生物量模型对其进行拟合,得到35个生物量估算模型。结果显示,幂函数模型的拟合效果较好,多项式模型效果较差,从中优选出5个最优模型,枝、干、根和全株的最优模型是W=aDb形式的幂函数模型,叶的最优模型是W=a+bD2+cD4形式的多项式模型。杉木不同器官的碳含量变化范围在46.64%~53.13%,过熟林(45~50年生)杉木不同器官的碳含量按高低排列均为树皮树根树叶树枝树干,根系碳含量高于地上部枝叶的碳含量,而中幼林龄(10和22年生)杉木地下部分树根的碳含量明显低于地上部分。碳贮量在不同器官中的分配,10和22年生的高低排序为树干树枝树根树叶,过熟林杉木的高低排序为树干树根树枝树叶。不同林龄杉木林生物量碳贮量分别为10年生59.39、22年生59.55、45年生136.92、48年生201.25和50年生134.60Mg C/hm2。不同林龄的杉木林根系生物量碳贮量比例为14.84%~23.79%,随林龄的增长而提高。研究结果显示较高海拔的立地环境促进了杉木林地下根系生物量积累,这种生物量分配可能对土壤有机碳蓄积产生重要影响。     

先秦灾害神话之文学探析

先秦灾害神话记录了自然灾害,表现了远古先民的原始宗教信仰,是灾害研究的材料来源。与此同时,灾害神话神秘又夸张的书写笔法,对后世文学题材、结构等方面所产生的深刻影响,更使其成为灾害文学的重要主题之一。因此,从文学角度入手,概括研究先秦灾害神话的文本内容,深入分析《山海经》《楚辞》等经典著作对灾害神话的描写。进而梳理灾害神话的文学特征、神灵形象描写,才能得出灾害神话乃中国灾害文学之源流的结论,最终达到灾害神话的基础性研究之目的。     

天山北坡经济带工业碳排放影响因素实证分析

在天山北麓9个州(市、地区)2002-2011年工业能源消费量、人口等数据基础上,利用LMDI法对该地区工业碳排放影响因素进行实证分析,结果表明,经济发展水平、工业化水平、人口规模是天山北坡经济带工业碳排放增加的拉动因素。工业能源强度和工业能源消费结构的变化是天山北坡经济带工业碳排放增加的抑制因素。总体来说,该地区抑制因素的抑制作用远小于拉动因素的拉动作用,工业碳排放量呈现增加趋势。     

Arsenic in freshwater ecosystems of the Bengal delta: status,sources and seasonal variability

The study aimed to examine the contamination status of arsenic (As) in excavated small water bodies, commonly known as ponds – the integral part of daily life in the arsenic-affected rural areas of West Bengal, India in comparison to the unaffected areas. The ponds of the contaminated area had higher levels of As: water 2–174 µg L^?1 (mean 31 ± 2 µg L^?1) and sediment 1.3–37.3 mg kg^?1 (mean 10.3 ± 0.4 mg kg^?1), than those from the unaffected area: water 1–8 µg L^?1 (mean 4 ± 0 µg L^?1) and sediment 1.4–5.3 mg kg^?1 (mean 3.0 ± 0.1 mg kg^?1). A moderate positive correlation was observed between the water and sediment arsenic content of the ponds of the arsenic-affected region (r = 0.688, n = 277, p < 0.0001). Contaminated ground water, either as direct input or through agricultural washings, was found to be the major contributor of arsenic pollution to these ecosystems. Seasonal variations were not prominent. This study emphasized the beneficial role of using the studied ecosystems over the highly contaminated ground water for various livelihood activities in the Gangetic delta region.     

WTO规则对西部开发的风险及机遇浅探

随着中国加入WTO进程的加快和西部大开发战略的实施，依法治国无疑是改善投资环境、促进西部开发的最有效手段之一。本文根据WTO基本原则与法制经济的相互关系和影响深入浅出地论述了WTO对西部开发的风险及机遇，并提出了针对性的策略和措施。     

Functional regulatory spaces and policy diffusion in Europe: The case of mountains

The aim of this article is to propose a new analytical framework for comparing and explaining the emergence and diffusion of European regional mountain initiatives (ERMIs), envisaged as ‘functional regulatory spaces’ (FRS). The article examines three exploratory hypotheses. The first hypothesis considers that the different ERMIs (Alps, Pyrenees, Jura, Carpathian, Balkan Mountains, Dinaric Arc, Caucasus) can be compared, distinguished, and classified using the FRS approach. The second hypothesis addresses the relationship between the degree to which ERMIs correspond to an ideal-type FRS and their role and position within policy diffusion processes. We suggest that the more an ERMI corresponds to an ideal-type FRS, the more important is its role in diffusion processes. The third hypothesis focuses on the relationship between the degree of formalization and institutionalization of ERMIs and their role in policy diffusion processes. We argue that the more and the earlier an ERMI is “formalized” and “institutionalized” in a clear and robust way as a “mature” FRS, the more important its role, and the more central its position, in diffusion processes. This article is a very first attempt to link FRS and policy diffusion concepts. As such it seeks to assess the link's feasibility and relevance, rather than a definitive empirical (in)validation of the three hypotheses.     

Soil burdens of persistent organic pollutants - Their levels, fate and risk. Part II. Are there any trends in PCDD/F levels in mountain soils?

Good quality data apt for an assessment of temporal trends of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PCDDs/Fs) in soils are difficult to obtain since there is a general lack of information on their residues in soils. Variability of soil profiles, non-homogeneity of samples, and often also inconsistency of applied sampling procedures further complicate this problem. To assess spatial and temporal trends of contamination, three soil sampling campaigns have been performed over the period of 12 years at the mountain forest sites in the Czech Republic. Relation between the air, needle and soil contaminations was addressed in addition to time-related variability of soil. It has been confirmed that soil is a good matrix for evaluation of spatial distribution of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) but difficult for establishment of temporal trends. A slow rate of the soil-forming processes and their site-specificity was generally the major source of uncertainties.