西部大开发是否导致了“污染避难所”?——基于直接诱发和间接传导的角度

西部大开发战略在一定程度上促进了我国区域产业转移,在给西部地区带来发展机遇的同时,是否也导致西部地区成为"污染避难所"?鉴于此,本文选取了10个具有代表性的污染密集型产业部门,以中国各省份1990—2013年的面板数据为样本,使用基于系统GMM的双重差分法,对西部大开发战略是否会诱发污染避难所效应进行了判定,并使用结构方程模型,对西部大开发战略的传导机制进行了路径分析。结果表明,西部大开发战略没有导致污染避难所,我国污染密集型产业出现了区域转移滞缓现象;西部大开发战略对污染避难所不具备显著的直接效应,但会通过环境规制强度、市场化程度、公众环保意识和劳动产出效率传导出显著的中介效应;虽然西部地区的环境规制强度、市场化程度和公众环保意识传导的污染避难所促进作用,让西部地区具备成为污染者"乐园"的可能,但西部地区相对较低的劳动产出效率起到了更明显的污染避难所抑制作用,最终导致西部地区没有沦为污染避难所。但随着西部大开发进程的深入,西部地区与中东部地区劳动产出效率差距很有可能会渐渐缩小,导致其带来的污染避难所抑制作用逐步丧失。因此,设立合理的环境规制级差,从市场化程度和公众环保意识角度改善环境友好型产业的投资环境,同时正确对待来自中东部地区的产业转移,是避免西部地区在未来成为污染避难所的关键。     

New rig on the block: spatial policy discourse and the new suburban geography of energy production on Colorado's Front Range

ABSTRACT

Drawing from the Critical Discourse Analysis and Cultural Sociology of Space frameworks, this empirical analysis explores the discursive struggle between stakeholders of divergent viewpoints as they respond to the newfound spatial proximity of oil and gas extraction to homes and schools in suburban residential areas on Colorado's northern Front Range. Through an analysis of media, policy-making, and neighborhood meeting discourse, this study examines the social construction of space through policy narratives and regional debates about the American West's relationship to extractive industries. Results reveal that the discursive struggle over suburban drilling hinges upon the question of whether industrial activities belong in residential areas and is carried out through competing policy narratives that invoke differing (spatial versus aspatial) policy solutions. The deliberative quality of these policy narratives is constrained by existing spatial policy practices and further constrains democratic engagement.     

Socio-economic vulnerability to climate change in the central mountainous region of eastern Mexico

Climate change effects are expected to be more severe for some segments of society than others. In Mexico, climate variability associated with climate change has important socio-economic and environmental impacts. From the central mountainous region of eastern Veracruz, Mexico, we analyzed data of total annual precipitation and mean annual temperature from 26 meteorological stations (1922–2008) and from General Circulation Models. We developed climate change scenarios based on the observed trends with projections to 2025, 2050, 2075, and 2100, finding considerable local climate changes with reductions in precipitation of over 700 mm and increases in temperature of ~9°C for the year 2100. Deforested areas located at windward were considered more vulnerable, representing potential risk for natural environments, local communities, and the main crops cultivated (sugarcane, coffee, and corn). Socio-economic vulnerability is exacerbated in areas where temperature increases and precipitation decreases.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13280-015-0690-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

西部中小城市低碳城市规划的实践和思考——以四川省广元市为例

我国快速城市化面临全球气候变化的巨大挑战。城市作为CO2的高排放区,节能减排将对我国的城市发展模式与格局产生深远影响。本文以四川广元市为例,首先综述低碳城市规划的内涵,然后探讨广元市低碳城市规划的框架体系及各组成要素,并总结广元市低碳城市规划过程中遇到的挑战和问题。文章认为:西部中小城市低碳城市规划是我国低碳城市发展战略的重要组成部分,是促进西部城市转变发展模式、推进西部大开发的重要保障。     

Are exploited mangrove molluscs exposed to Persistent Organic Pollutant contamination in Senegal, West Africa?

The surface sediments, two bivalves (Arca senilis and Crassostera gasar) and three gastropods (Conus spp., Hexaplex duplex and Pugilina morio) from two Senegalese stations, Falia (Sine-Saloum Estuary) and Fadiouth (Petite Côte), were analyzed for their pollutant organic persistent contamination (polychlorinated biphenyls PCBs; organochlorinated pesticides OCPs; polybrominated diphenyl ethers PBDEs). Results revealed significant levels of PCBs, DDTs and lindane in mangrove sediments ranging from 0.3 to 19.1, 0.3 to 15.9, and 0.1 to 1.9 ng g⁻¹ d.w., respectively. Among the other POPs analysed, only hexachlorobenzene, heptachlor and trans-nonachlor for OCPs, as well as BDE47 and BDE99 congeners for PBDEs were detected at very low concentrations, generally not of concern. POP levels and patterns were in good accordance with literature data available for other tropical developing countries. A seasonal quantitative difference was highlighted with higher levels of PCBs and DDTs in sediments after the wet season, likely due to the strong wash-out of residues from inland to the marine ecosystems during the rainy season. The observed pattern of DDT and its metabolites pointed out probable recent applications of DDT for public health emergencies in Senegal. Exploited molluscs were exposed to the same POP compounds as those measured in sediments. They presented OCP levels within the same range as in sediments, while significant higher concentrations of PCBs were observed in shellfish soft tissues revealing a higher bioaccumulation potential mainly due to the lipophilicity of these compounds. Finally, the influence of the reproduction cycle on POP levels through lipid content variations was highlighted, minimizing potential differences in POP bioaccumulation between shellfish species. From an ecotoxicological and public health point of view, results from this study revealed that POPs in sediments from the Petite Côte and the Sine-Saloum Estuary would not cause toxic effects and impairments in molluscs from these regions, and that no potential risk exists for human, especially local populations, through mangrove shellfish consumption.     

立法与治理并重,改善吉林西部地区盐碱荒漠化

吉林西部地区是我国北方生态环境脆弱带的重要组成部分。土地盐碱荒漠化是区域发展的主要制约因素。分析了该区盐碱荒漠化现状及其对畜牧业、生态平衡、经济发展及城镇化进程造成的严重危害 ,提出了生态工程和政府调控的措施和建议     

西部的生态恢复与水土保持对策

水资源和土地资源的不合理开发利用是造成西部严重生态环境问题的根源。因此,西部的生态恢复,必须从解决水生态失衡和控制严重的水土流失、土地荒漠化入手,以提高植被整体覆盖度为手段,逐步达到恢复西部生态环境功能的目的。     

长江上游玉龙雪山植物物种多样性形成的探讨

玉龙雪山位于云南省西北部的丽江市,是界于澜沧江和金沙江之间云岭山脉的主峰。南临丽江坝,东、西、北三面均为金沙江环绕,处于中国三大植物多样性中心之一的横断山区的核心地带,具有很高的植物物种多样性。该区有藻类植物31科72属196种,地衣植物17科20余种,在苔藓植物中有苔类45种、藓类130种,蕨类植物约有220 多种,种子植物有171科804属2 646种(不含栽培种及种下等级),其中中国特有种1 631种,占本区种子植物总数的61.46%。对玉龙雪山植物物种多样性的形成进行了探讨,认为玉龙雪山丰富的植物物种多样性主要来源于3个第三纪古植物区系成分即古北大陆、古地中海以及古南大陆成分,其中以古北大陆成分为主。之后的新构造运动及第四纪冰期冰川的反复作用,形成了玉龙雪山复杂多样的生态环境。来源于以上3个古植物区系成分的植物物种在以后的进化过程中经过不断分化、发展以及与临近区域的交流,形成了现在丰富的植物物种多样性格局。     

横断山区季风期水分盈亏量时空变化特征及其与若干气候指数的相关性分析

基于横断山区27 个气象台站1961-2012 年的实测数据,应用Penman-Monteith 模型、气候倾向率空间插值、交叉小波和相干小波变换等方法分析横断山区季风期水分盈亏量的时空变化趋势及其与若干气候指数之间的相互关系。结果表明:近52 a 来,横断山区季风期水分盈亏量在波动中呈增加趋势,其增加速率为5.87 mm/10 a;且在整个时段内,横断山区季风期水分盈亏量均呈盈余状态。该区季风期水分盈亏量空间差异也较为明显,水分盈亏量从南到北逐渐降低,但其增加趋势却从南到北逐渐增大。季风期水分盈亏量与海拔呈现负相关,即水分盈亏量随着海拔的升高而降低;在海拔相对较低的区域,水分盈亏量较高;反之,水分盈亏量较低。此外,该区域季风期水分盈亏量与北极涛动(AO)、太平洋年代际振荡(PDO)和厄尔尼诺-南方涛动(ENSO)气候指数等存在多尺度的显著相关性。     

Growth performance and range shift of the subalpine fir (Abies fargesii) in the Qinling Mountains,China

Trees in the subalpine environment, a particularly vulnerable area being the first to reflect climate changes, are most likely to show strong effects of climate variability. The aim of this study was to identify growth responses of subalpine fir (Abies fargesii) to climate variability, and investigate range shifts along an altitudinal gradient in the subalpine region of the Qinling Mountains, China. Standard correlation functional analysis showed different growth responses of fir trees to climatic variables between north and south aspects. In the north aspect, radial growth was significantly positively correlated with temperatures in early spring (February–April) and summer (July) of the current year, while radial growth was significantly positively correlated with temperatures in November and December of the previous year and early spring (February–April) of the current year in the south aspect. Analysis of age structure distribution displayed a decrease in number of mature fir trees and an increase in number of saplings along the altitudinal gradient on both aspects. Fir saplings/seedlings only occur in the treeline environment, and this fir population was significantly younger than that at lower elevations. Thus, fir trees show different radial growth patterns in response to climatic variability between north and south aspects, and age-class distributions along the altitudinal gradient imply an upward shift in range in the subalpine region during the past century in the Qinling Mountains of China.