西部大开发的可持续发展之路:绿色GDP

本文系统阐述了绿色GDP理论，介绍了我国西部地区的生态环境现状，结合我国西部大开发战略的实施，论述了在西部大开发中，应用绿色GDP来衡量其发展的重要性。     

昆仑山口西地震激发的地球环型振荡

利用中国数字地震台网(CDSN)改造后的7个台站3天的VHE、VHN波形资料,采用功率谱密度估计方法,在没有对资料进行去固体潮处理的情况下,提取了2001-11-14昆仑山口西地震激发的0T2～0T40地球环型自由振荡,并与地球初步参考模型(PREM)的理论自由振荡周期进行对比,发现环型振荡振型周期与PREM预测的环型自由振荡周期符合得很好。频率与PREM模型略微不一致的环型振荡振型可以解释为地球介质的横向不均匀性和各向异性所致。因此地球自由振荡信息可用于揭示地球的三维不均匀结构信息或各向异性信息,并可能对区分地幔对流模式(全地幔对流或上地幔对流)有所帮助。     

横断山区干旱河谷气候变化趋势研究

利用横断山区干旱河谷内20个典型气象台站的长时序逐月气温、降水、相对湿度、日照时间、极端最高气温和极端最低气温等数据,采用线性倾向估计、Mann-Kendall趋势检验以及集中度和集中期等分析方法,研究了横断山区干旱河谷的气候变化趋势.结果表明：（1）全球变化背景下,横断山区干旱河谷平均气温总体呈现升高趋势,升幅为0.11℃·（10 a）-1,较整个横断山区的0.15℃·（10 a）-1略低,冬季升温幅度高于其他季节;（2）金沙江下游的元谋、东川和巧家段河谷呈现持续降温趋势,特别是春季降温较为明显;（3）横断山区干旱河谷降水量呈微弱减少趋势,为-1.48 mm·（10 a）-1,这主要是由于夏季降水减少量超过其他季节降水增加量所致;（4）多数河谷站点年降水量的集中度呈微弱下降趋势,而集中期则有所提前,但不明显;（5）干旱河谷相对湿度和日照时间在近几十年间均呈现减少趋势,相对湿度每10 a约减少0.16百分点,而日照时间则平均每10a减少24.26 h.     

COSMOS,a spatially explicit model to simulate the epidemiology of Cosmopolites sordidus in banana fields

A stochastic individual-based model called COSMOS was developed to simulate the epidemiology of banana weevil Cosmopolites sordidus, a major pest of banana fields. The model is based on simple rules of local movement of adults, egg laying of females, development and mortality, and infestation of larvae inside the banana plants. The biological parameters were estimated from the literature, and the model was validated at the small-plot scale. Simulated and observed distributions of attacks were similar except for five plots out of 18, using a Kolmogorov–Smirnov test. These exceptions may be explained by variation in predation of eggs and measurement error. An exhaustive sensitivity analysis using the Morris method showed that predation rate of eggs, demographic parameters of adults and mortality rate of larvae were the most influential parameters. COSMOS was therefore used to test different spatial arrangements of banana plants on the epidemiology of C. sordidus. Planting bananas in groups increased the time required to colonise plots but also the percentage of banana plants with severe attacks. Spatial heterogeneity of banana stages had no effect on time required to colonise plots but increased the mean level of attacks. Our model helps explain key factors of population dynamics and the epidemiology of this tropical pest.     

西藏米拉山高寒草甸土壤微生物DNA提取及宏基因组Fosmid文库构建

青藏高原土壤中富含特殊的微生物资源,因大多数未能得到培养而无法利用.提取微生物总DNA及构建宏基因组文库的方法是研究未培养微生物的重要方法(免培养法).两藏米拉山高寒草甸土壤中腐植酸、有机质含量非常高,DNA提取非常困难,本研究表明卣接法提取该样品的DNA片段小,杂质含量高,不能满足构建大插入片段文库的要求;结合低速离心和Nycodenz密度梯度离心先分离出微生物细胞的间接法虽然DNA产率降低,但是纯度高,片段长,多样性丰富,更适合于构建大插入片段文库.在间接法提取高质量西藏高寒草甸土壤微生物DNA的基础上,成功构建了一个包含30 624个克隆、库容量超过1 Gb、稳定性好的宏基因组Fosmid文库,为从西藏高原土壤中挖掘和利用新的功能基因研究奠定了基础.图7表3参27     

西藏色季拉山川滇高山栎种群的空间格局与调节

川滇高山栎是青藏高原具有代表性的常绿阔叶树种,在藏东南林区大面积连续分布,对高山峡谷地带的水土保持和水源涵养具有重要的防护作用和较大的生态效益.采用聚集度指标、以空间推时间法的Logistic方程和种群调节的乘幂函数拟合分别对西藏色季拉山川滇高山栎种群的空间分布格局、增长与调节规律进行了研究.结果表明,川滇高山栎幼苗多呈聚集分布,随着演替的进展,川滇高山栎种群的聚集强度减小;川滇高山栎种群增长的环境容纳量为15.2085m2hm-2,内禀增长率为0.614;种群最大增长速率出现在胸断面积9.66m2hm-2处,种群在平均胸断面积46.23cm2(均胸径7cm)~198.723cm2(均胸径15.91cm)阶段自疏强度最大.川滇高山栎种群聚集强度随演替过程逐渐减弱,是种群在有限的环境容量中自疏和自我调节特征的明显表现.Logistic方程即反映了生物种群增长速度的变化和环境容量限制的时滞效应这一重要特征,种群调节的幂函数拟合则有效刻画了生物种群在大量繁殖之后,随着个体增大,个体间资源竞争增强,种群内部出现优胜劣汰的自我调节过程.图4表2参32     

Effects of Forest Fragmentation and Habitat Degradation on West African Leaf-Litter Frogs

Abstract:  Habitat degradation alters the dynamics and composition of anuran assemblages in tropical forests. The effects of forest fragmentation on the composition of anuran assemblages are so far poorly known. We studied the joint influence of forest fragmentation and degradation on leaf-litter frogs. We specifically asked whether the processes structuring leaf-litter anuran assemblages in fragmented forests are the same as those in continuous forests. We analyzed anuran assemblages with respect to habitat characteristics, including fragmentation and degradation parameters. In comparison with continuous forests, species richness and diversity were lower and assemblage composition was altered in forest fragments. These changes seemed to be mainly caused by habitat degradation rather than forest fragmentation. Availability of aquatic sites for breeding, vegetation structure (including those variables indicating degradation), and leaf-litter cover had the most influence on the presence of single species. The comparatively small impact of fragmentation on anurans might be due to the location of the study area; it still possessed large tracts of continuous forest. These forest blocks may stabilize the regional rainforest climate and thus weaken the effects of fragmentation .     

湖南省资源结构及其产业对策

资源是区域经济发展的基础，资源结构是区域产业结构赖以形成的重要条件。区域产业是经济发展的载体，它不仅支持着区域的增长，而且在很大程度上决策着经济增长的能力与潜力。据此，在分析湖南省资源及产业结构优化标准的基础上，提出了充分与合理利用资源的产业对策建议。     

西部开发中的煤矿区生态环境保护与重建问题

分析了西部尤其是西北地区煤矿区生态环境坡坏的现状，确定了矿区重庆重建工程的目标，提出了矿区生态环境保护与重建的具体措施。     

Modeling postfire conifer mortality for long-range planning

A model is presented for predicting mortality of conifers after wildfire. The model requires stand data inputs and is linked with a mathematical fire behavior model that calculates fireline intensity. Fraction of crown volume killed is calculated for each species in a stand based on mensurational data. Duration of lethal heat at the base of trees is calculated from fuel consumption and burning time values. Fraction of crown volume killed and the ratio of critical time for cambial kill to duration of lethal heat are independent variables in a function that calculates probability of mortality. The model produces reasonable estimates of stand mortality for fire and site characteristics found in the northern Rocky Mountains, USA. It has a broad resolution appropriate for use in fire management planning and has potential applications for coniferous forests throughout the United States.