Rapid Mapping and Prioritisation of Wetland Sites in the Manawatu–Wanganui Region,New Zealand

The extent of wetland in New Zealand has decreased by approximately 90% since European settlement began in 1840. Remaining wetlands continue to be threatened by drainage, weeds, and pest invasion. This article presents a rapid method for broad-scale mapping and prioritising palustrine and estuarine wetlands for conservation. Classes of wetland (lacustrine, estuarine, riverine, marine, and palustrine) were mapped using Landsat ETM+ imagery and centre-points of palustrine and estuarine sites as ancillary data. The results shown are for the Manawatu–Wanganui region, which was found to have 3060 ha of palustrine and 250 ha of estuarine wetlands. To set conservation priorities, landscape indicators were computed from a land-cover map and a digital terrain model. Four global indicators were used (representativeness, area, surrounding naturalness, and connectivity), and each was assigned a value to score wetland sites in the region. The final score is an additive function that weights the relative importance of each indicator (i.e., multicriteria decision analysis). The whole process of mapping and ranking wetlands in the Manawatu–Wanganui region took only 6 weeks. The rapid methodology means that consistent wetland inventories and ranking can now actually be produced at reasonable cost, and conservation resources may therefore be better targeted. With complete inventories and priority lists of wetlands, managers will be able to plan for conservation without having to wait for the collection of detailed biologic information, which may now also be prioritised.     

Ecological degradation and hydraulic dispersion of contaminant in wetland

For the typical case of a pulsed contaminant emission into a free surface wetland flow, a theoretical analysis is presented in this paper for the decay of the depth-averaged concentration under the combined action of ecological degradation and hydraulic dispersion. Based on a first-order reaction model extensively employed in related ecological risk assessment and environmental hydraulic design, the effect of ecological degradation is separated from the hydraulic effect via an exponential transformation for the general formulation for contaminant transport. The speed profile of a fully developed steady flow through the wetland is obtained. A hydraulic dispersion model for the depth-averaged concentration is devised as an extension of Taylor’s classical analysis on dispersion, and corresponding hydraulic dispersivity is obtained by Aris’s method of moments. Analytical solution of depth-averaged concentration is rigorously derived and characterized. For typical pollutant constituents in wastewater emission, the evolution of contaminant cloud in the wetland flow is illustrated by critical length and duration of influenced region with contaminant concentration beyond given environmental standard level, with essential implications for ecological risk assessment and environmental management.     

基于SWMM水量模拟的人工雨水湿地规模确定方法

人工雨水湿地在控制地表径流污染以及削减地表径流总量方面具有重要作用,但是雨水湿地规模确定往往需要经过复杂的计算;本研究以北京市未来科技城雨水湿地设计为例,研究了基于SWMM(storm water management model)模型的人工雨水湿地规模确定方法;研究表明通过SWMM模型能够较为简便的计算出雨水湿地的规模和形态。     

扎龙湿地沉积物重金属空间分布特征及其潜在生态风险评价

采用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪法(ICP-MS)测定了扎龙湿地表层沉积物重金属的含量,分析了其空间分布特征,评价了其潜在生态风险,并在此基础上探讨了重金属污染来源及环境影响因子.结果表明:①扎龙湿地沉积物Hg、Cd、As、Cu、Pb、Zn和Cr的平均值分别0.065、0.155、10.26、18.20、21.35、52.08和46.47 mg.kg-1,均超过松嫩平原土壤背景值,含量分布存在明显的差异性.从空间分布上看,重金属含量北部高于南部,东部高于西部,核心区含量低,其中东部重金属含量最高,尤其是Hg和Cd分别为整个区域最小值的20.8、32.4倍,存在明显的累积性.②潜在生态风险评价结果显示:单个重金属潜在生态风险顺序为Hg>Cd>As>Pb>Cu>Cr>Zn;整个研究区综合潜在生态风险指数(RI)介于76.9～473.5,平均值171.9,属于中等生态危害,并以东部潜在危害程度最大,将作为今后重金属污染防治的重点区域.③除Hg和Pb之外,各重金属含量间呈极显著正相关,表明这些元素污染具有同源性.④有机质是扎龙湿地表层沉积物中重金属的主要环境影响因子,但目前扎龙湿地盐碱化加剧,沉积物中重金属释放风险加大,应该引起当地政府及有关部门的高度重视.     

唐山南湖湿地生态补偿机制探究

湿地在发挥重大生态服务价值的同时,其生态环境保护却面临着诸多困境.在对唐山南湖湿地生态环境保护分析的基础上,思考唐山南湖湿地资源利用的外部性问题内化路径,探索采取市场化补偿途径,构建政府主导型、合理利用型的南湖湿地生态补偿机制.从而有效理顺生态建设者和受益者间的利益关系,实现唐山南湖湿地的可持续良性发展.     

Mitigation of atrazine, S-metolachlor, and diazinon using common emergent aquatic vegetation

By the year 2050, the population of the United States is expected to reach over 418 million,while the global population will reach 9.6 billion. To provide safe food and fiber, agriculture must balance pesticide usage against impacts on natural resources. Challenges arise when storms cause runoff to be transported to aquatic receiving systems. Vegetated systems such as drainage ditches and constructed wetlands have been proposed as management practices to alleviate pesticide runoff. Twelve experimental mesocosms(1.3 × 0.71 × 0.61 m) were filled with sediment and planted with a monoculture of one of three wetland plant species(Typha latifolia, Leersia oryzoides, and Sparganium americanum).Three mesocosms remained unvegetated to serve as controls. All mesocosms were amended with 9.2 ± 0.8 μg/L, 12 ± 0.4 μg/L, and 3.1 ± 0.2 μg/L of atrazine, metolachlor, and diazinon, respectively, over a 4 hr hydraulic retention time to simulate storm runoff.Following the 4 hr amendment, non-amended water was flushed through mesocosms for an additional 4 hr. Outflow water samples were taken hourly from pre-amendment through8 hr, and again at 12, 24, 48, 72, and 168 hr post-amendment. L. oryzoides and T. latifolia had mean atrazine, metolachlor, and diazinon retentions from 51%–55% for the first 4 hr of the experiment. Aside from S. americanum and atrazine(25% retention), unvegetated controls had the lowest pesticide retention(17%–28%) of all compared mesocosms. While native aquatic vegetation shows promise for mitigation of pesticide runoff, further studies increasing the hydraulic retention time for improved efficiency should be examined.     

Denitrification potential in a Louisiana wetland receiving diverted Mississippi River water

Excess nitrate in Mississippi River water entering offshore areas is reported to contribute to low oxygen (hypoxia) conditions in the Gulf of Mexico. Excessive algal growth driven by the excess nitrogen results in a decrease in dissolved oxygen in bottom water. Reintroduction of Mississippi River waters into a Louisiana coastal wetland has the potential to reduce the amount of nitrate reaching offshore waters. In this study, reduction in the concentration of added NO₃^- was determined in sediment-water-columns collected from a wetland site in Breton Sound estuary receiving nutrient inputs from the Mississippi River. The capacity of a wetland to process nitrate in floodwater was determined in the laboratory. The rates of NO₃^- removal (determined from change in nitrate concentration in the floodwater) averaged 97 mg N m^-2 d^-1 over 16 d for a 1750-mg NO₃-N m^-2 addition, and 170 mg N m^-2 d^-1 over 16 d for a 3500-mg NO₃-N m^-2 addition. The total N₂O-N emissions from the 1750- and 3500-mg NO₃-N m^-2 additions were 19 and 54 mg N m^-2 accounting for 1.1% and 1.5% of the applied NO₃-N, respectively. Using the acetylene-inhibition technique, the average denitrification rate was determined to be 57 and 87 mg N m^-2 d^-1 (21 and 32 g N m^-2 yr^-1) during the most active denitrification period of 5 d after incubation for 1750 and 3500 mg NO₃^--N m^-2 of added nitrate in floodwater, respectively. The total N evolved over 11 d as N₂O + N₂ was equivalent to 436 and 921 mg N m^-2 (24.9% and 26.3%, respectively, of added N). Increasing the amount of NO₃^- applied to the overlying water increased the rate of NO₃^- loss and N₂O emission significantly. The thickness of the oxidized surface sediment layer was also influenced by the NO₃^- application to the floodwater with a significant linear correlation between nitrate addition and thickness of the oxidized layer (r = 0.9998, p = 0.01). This study indicates that wetlands receiving diverted Mississippi River water have the potential to process and remove NO₃^- in the river water, reducing the amount of NO₃^- reaching to offshore areas.     

四川湿地资源及其可持续性保护

对四川湿地资源现状、特点、功能或作用以及面临的威胁作出初步探讨，并提出了实施可持续性保护对策。     

大理洱源西湖村水污染负荷分析及对策措施

通过对大理西湖国家湿地公园所在地洱源县西湖村的种植业、畜禽养殖业、村民生活方式和旅游业的污染现状进行调查和分析,探索西湖村的生产生活与西湖水体污染的关系,比较得出引起西湖富营养化的主要原因是畜禽养殖污染物的流失。针对西湖村水污染源的特点,提出修复和保护西湖环境的措施:改变畜禽养殖方式,解决厩肥随地堆放产生的污染;构建成本低和维护简单的村落污水收集管网和处理系统;建设湿地生态农业和湖滨带乔木-水塘-沟渠生态系统;加强旅游基础设施建设,合理开发旅游资源,以保护促进开发。     

桂林会仙湿地生态退化特征研究

综合评价湿地的退化特征,可以为湿地的保护和修复提供参考依据。对桂林会仙湿地的地表水、地下水、土壤和生物等特征进行了调查和监测,并通过相关方法进行了比较分析。研究结果表明,会仙湿地的地表水污染严重,地下水水质较好;湿地土壤退化指数很低,退化程度严重;湿地植物资源丰富,大量动物已灭绝。研究成果为会仙湿地的治理修复方向提供了一定的理论依据。