重金属污染土壤接种丛枝菌根真菌对蚕豆毒性的影响

采用盆栽实验的方法,研究了重金属(包括Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd)复合污染和接种丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)Glomus mosseae对蚕豆(Vicia faba)生长及DNA损伤的影响.结果表明,虽然接种菌根真菌对蚕豆生物量的影响并不显著,但是却显著影响植物对重金属的吸收,接种菌根真菌对蚕豆吸收4种重金属元素的作用有差异.采用单细胞凝胶电泳(single cell gel electrophoresis,SCGE)法研究接种菌根真菌对蚕豆叶片的DNA损伤的影响,与重金属吸收的结果相吻合.结果表明,接种处理可显著增加蚕豆叶片的DNA损伤程度,这与接种处理可提高植物的重金属吸收相一致.     

Adsorption of a dye on clay and sand. Use of cyclodextrins as solubility-enhancement agents

Laboratory-scale studies were aimed at elucidating the physico-chemical aspects on the removal process of crystal violet (CV) from waters and solid substrates. The laponite clay (RD) and sand were chosen for the double aim at investigating them as CV adsorbents for water treatment and as substrates which mime the soil components. Sand is very effective in removing CV from waters. The cyclodextrins (CDs) were exploited as solubility-enhancement agents to remove CV from the solid substrates. They are powerful solvent media because they extract the CV from sand forming water-soluble CV/CD inclusion complexes and do not show affinity for sand. Optimum performance was shown by the modified CDs (i.e. hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin and methyl-β-cyclodextrin). A linear correlation between the logarithm of the equilibrium constant for the CV/CD inclusion complexes formation (K_cpx) and the maximum amount of CV extracted from sand in the columns experiments at a flow rate of 1.5 ml min⁻¹ was drawn. This relationship predicts that CDs with K_cpx < 180 M⁻¹ are not suitable for CV removal from sand. CDs failed to displace CV from RD because they generate the formation of RD clusters where CV remains entrapped.     

Contaminant degradation in physically and chemically heterogeneous aquifers

This paper examines the importance of the correlation between hydraulic conductivity (K) and degradation rate constant (k) during the transport of reactive contaminants in heterogeneous aquifers. We simulated reactive transport in an ensemble of two-dimensional heterogeneous aquifers. Two sets of transport simulations were conducted: one in which a perfect positive correlation was assumed between ln(K) and ln(k), and one in which a perfect negative correlation was assumed. We found that the sign of the correlation has important consequences for the contaminant transport. Qualitatively, a negative correlation leads to significantly more pronounced "fingering" of the contaminant plume than does a positive correlation, with potentially important consequences for downgradient receptors. Quantitatively, the expected behavior (as quantified by the contaminant mass remaining in the aquifer) is statistically different between the positive and negative cases: on average, more contaminant mass persists when K and k are negatively correlated. Also, the negative correlation leads to more variability between realizations of the ensemble, whereas a positive correlation induces relatively little variability between realizations. We discuss the implications of these findings for the management of contaminated aquifers.     

反硝化条件下有机碳低丰度河床沉积层中的苯胺降解

采集渭河河床沉积物,研究了反硝化条件下有机碳低丰度的河床沉积层中苯胺降解.结果表明,反硝化条件下,苯胺在有机碳低丰度的河床沉积层中可生物降解.使该环境中苯胺(约50 mg/L)降解近95%,当硝酸盐为30.69、184.16、245.54 mg/L时,降解时间分别约为20、45、70 d.在上述环境中另加35.98 mg/L乙酸盐后,苯胺降解速度在硝酸盐为184.16 mg/L时最大,硝酸盐为30.69 mg/L时最小.当硝酸盐为30.69 mg/L,不加乙酸盐,27 d苯胺降解约95%;添加35.98 mg/L乙酸盐后,实验进行了47 d还仍有近13 mg/L苯胺残留,说明外加碳源(乙酸盐)对苯胺降解具有抑制作用.但当硝酸盐为184.16、245.54 mg/L时,外加碳源(乙酸盐)则强化苯胺降解.水合金属氧化物对苯胺降解具有促进作用.     

活性红M-3BE脱色真菌的筛选及脱色性能研究

从自然环境中分离到2株对染料活性红M-3BE具有明显脱色效果的真菌,经形态学和26S rDNA序列分析,将其鉴定为Fusarium oxysporum和Geosmithia viridis.采用初始浓度50 mg/L M-3BE的液体培养基同步脱色培养,F.oxysporum在24 h内对M-3BE的脱色率为96%,G.viridis在36 h内的脱色率为82%.对脱色酶系的检测结果表明,脱色过程中F.oxysporum能产生LiP和MnP,G.viridis则仅产生LiP.此外,F.oxysporu和G.viridis对另外7种染料的脱色率也可分别达到16%～100%和83.3%～100%.     

染料浓度和盐度对白腐真菌同工酶的电泳分析

应用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术分析,并比较了染料废水的两大因子(染料浓度和盐度)对黄孢原毛平革菌过氧化物同工酶谱带的影响程度,结果表明:在染料或盐胁迫下,黄孢原毛平革菌均表现出应急产酶的响应,虽然过氧化物同工酶谱带数量未发生增加或减少,但谱带强度受到较大影响,活性艳红X-3B浓度≤200mg/L或NaCl浓度≤15g/L时均能诱导过量产酶,继续提高染料浓度或盐度将导致产酶抑制,染料浓度对酶带的影响作用高于盐度。     

(汍)汊湖水体和表层沉积物中有机氯农药分布特征

用GC/ECD内标法定量测定了(汍)汉湖水体和表层沉积物中的有机氯农药(OCPs).(汍)汊湖水样和表层沉积物中20种OCPs均有检出.表层沉积物上层中(0～2 cm)的OCPs明显高于下层(2～10 cm),这是(汍)汉湖具有稳定的水动力条件所致.氯丹在表层沉积物中浓度最高,与该化合物在环境中的强稳定性以及在该地区的大量使用有关.表层沉积物样品DCHsO2上层OCPs中o,p'-DDT主要成分,表明近期可能有新的DDTs,特别是含大量o,p'-DDT的三氯杀螨醇的使用.DDD/DDE则显示表层沉积物上层DDTs的降解主要处在厌氧条件下,而下层处在好氧条件下.     

TiO2光催化降解垃圾焚烧炉飞灰中二噁英的实验研究

光催化降解有机污染物是目前环保研究的热点课题。本文以垃圾焚烧炉的飞灰为对象,研究TiO2作为催化剂在500w汞灯照射下,飞灰中二噁英的随光照时间的降解效率。实验结果表明:在一定的光照条件下,TiO2光催化氧化分解二噁英的效率与飞灰本身的特性有关,特别是与飞灰含碳量以及铁等金属含量有关。飞灰中铁、铜等金属元素可促进二噁英光解,而碳则抑制了二噁英的光解。     

丝瓜瓤固定无花果曲霉吸附活性艳蓝KN-R的脱色研究

利用植物载体丝瓜瓤对无花果曲霉(Aspergillus ficuum)进行固定,并对活性艳蓝KN-R进行脱色研究探讨了固定化菌体的菌龄、pH、温度、菌量对染料脱色的影响.比较了固定化菌体与菌丝球对活性艳蓝KN-R的脱色效果,研究了该固定化菌体的重复利用和动力学实验,并进行了实际废水的脱色研究.结果表明,最佳脱色条件为菌龄3d,温度33℃,pH为6.0,菌量对染料脱色的影响依次为2%＞1%＞0.5%;固定化菌体对活性艳蓝KN-R的脱色效果优于菌丝球,且它对实际染料废水的脱色率均达80%以上;丝瓜瓤固定无花果曲霉对不同初始浓度(25～186mg·L-1)活性艳蓝KN-R的脱色过程遵循二级动力学方程;经6次重复利用后的该固定化菌体,其脱色率仍达80.79%.     

Kinetics and thermodynamic studies of Methyl Orange removal by polyvinylidene fluoride-PEDOT mats

We report the preparation of poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) (PEDOT)-modified polyvinylidene fluoride electrospun fibers and their use as a novel adsorbent material for the removal of the anionic dye Methyl Orange (MO) from aqueous media. This novel adsorbent material can be used to selectively remove MO on a wide pH range (3.0–10.0), with a maximum capacity of 143.8 mg/g at pH 3.0. When used in a recirculating filtration system, the maximum absorption capacity was reached in a shorter time (20 min) than that observed for batch mode experiments (360 min). Based on the analyses of the kinetics and adsorption isotherm data, one can conclude that the predominant mechanism of interaction between the membrane and the dissolved dye molecules is electrostatic. Besides, considering the estimated values for the Gibbs energy, and entropy and enthalpy changes, it was established that the adsorption process is spontaneous and occurs in an endothermic manner. The good mechanical and environmental stability of these membranes allowed their use in at least 20 consecutive adsorption/desorption cycles, without significant loss of their characteristics. We suggest that the physical-chemical characteristics of PEDOT make these hybrid mats a promising adsorbent material for use in water remediation protocols and effluent treatment systems.