造船厂职业病危害因素识别与分析

尽管采用了新型的造船模式,而且在我国的现代化造船厂中得到了广泛的应用,但是造船企业的职业病危害问题并没有得到根本性的解决;那么,如何有效控制造船行业职业病的发生,就成了所有造船企业面临的一个共同难题。本文通过识别某造船厂存在的主要职业病危害因素,检测危害因素的浓度或强度,并结合现场调查结果,分析造船企业工作场所中相关的危害因素超标原因,确定超标作业点,也就明确了造船企业职业病危害关键因素和严重危害区域,达到根据作业特点、场所、工种的不同,有针对性地采取职业病危害工程技术和个体防护措施的目的,为帮助造船企业在日常生产中进一步做好职业病危害因素的防控工作具有现实意义。     

气象环境要素对北京市消化系统疾病的影响

为探究气象环境条件对消化系统疾病的影响,结合分布滞后非线性模型与广义相加模型,分析了2009~2011年气象环境要素与北京市消化系统疾病急诊人数的暴露-反应关系.结果显示,气温对消化系统疾病的影响主要体现为“高温效应”,高于25℃的气温其危险度RR随气温升高而增加,且滞后效应能达到10d以上.较为极端的湿度(RH<10%或RH>90%)会显著增加消化系统疾病的发病,并有持久的作用,其与高温结合会形成“高温低湿”和“高温高湿”2种让人不适的情况.0～2m/s的风速在短的滞后期(5d)最能增加发病危险性.而3～4m/s的风速对疾病的危险性小,说明适度的风速不影响健康.浓度高于200μg/m³的PM₁₀和浓度高于70μg/m³的 NO₂具有即时的危险性(5d内显著);而较高浓度(>55μg/m³)的SO₂滞后一定时期后效应更加明显.     

Impact of foot-and-mouth disease status on deforestation in Brazilian Amazon and cerrado municipalities between 2000 and 2010

Deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon released approximately 5.7 billion tons of CO₂ to the atmosphere between 2000 and 2010, and 50–80% of this deforestation was for pasture. Most assume that increasing demand for cattle products produced in Brazil caused this deforestation, but the empirical work to-date on cattle documents only correlations between cattle herd size, pasture expansion, cattle prices, and deforestation. This paper uses panel data on deforestation and foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) status—an exogenous demand shifter—to estimate whether changes in FMD status caused new deforestation in municipalities in the Brazilian Amazon and cerrado biomes during the 2000–2010 period. Results suggest that, on average, becoming certified as FMD-free caused a temporary spike in deforestation in the 2 years after a municipality became FMD-free, but caused subsequent deforestation to decline relative to infected municipalities during the 2000–2010 period.     

空气污染与呼吸系统疾病对儿童肺功能的交互影响

在中国4城市儿童肺功能的队列研究数据基础上,通过3步回归的统计方法,就空气污染和支气管炎或哮喘的交互作用对儿童肺功能的影响进行了研究.结果发现,空气颗粒物与支气管炎或哮喘等呼吸系统疾病对儿童肺功能有不利影响,而儿童在短期内患过支气管炎或哮喘会显著地加重空气颗粒物污染对FVC和FEV1的有害影响,但从长期来看,这种有害影响趋于减弱.对于FEV1/FVC,支气管炎或哮喘与空气颗粒物对肺功能的作用是独立的.与气态污染物相比,颗粒物与呼吸系统疾病对儿童肺功能的交互作用更大.     

Why slaughter? The cultural dimensions of Britain's foot and mouth disease control policy, 1892–2001

In 1892, the British agricultural authorities introduced a policy of slaughtering animals infected with foot and mouth disease (FMD). This measure endured throughout the 20th century and formed a base line upon which officials superimposed the controversial "contiguous cull" policy during the devastating 2001 epidemic. Proponents of the slaughter frequently emphasized its capacity to eliminate FMD from Britain, and claimed that it was both cheaper and more effective than the alternative policies of isolation and vaccination. However, their discussions reveal that a less obvious but nonetheless important reason for maintaining the slaughter policy was the conviction that in its manner of operation and its outcomes, it benefited the state and status of the British nation. To its supporters, slaughter was far more than a method of disease control; it acted also as a moralizing and civilizing force, an indicator of veterinary ability and a "virility symbol" of British international leadership. This "cultural" rationale for FMD control by slaughter declined during the late 20th century and was wholly undermined by the 2001 epidemic, when extensive culling failed to convey the intended image of an organized, enlightened Britain.     

呼吸性职业健康危害预防对策的研究

针对我国职业健康现状，依据预防为主的原则，论述了预防劳动疾病的重点和预防工作中的薄弱环节。提出了减少呼吸吸入引起的职业病的措施。     

Biotechnology is compatible with sustainable agriculture

Biotechnology can provide appropriate new tools for use in solution of specific problems in sustainable agriculture. Its usefulness will depend in large part on the degree to which sustainable agriculturists understand the utility of biotechnology and apply it toward ends they deem important. Biotechnology can give little assistance to sustainable agriculture in the short term. It can be more useful in the medium term, and it could be highly useful in the long term as an integral part of the art and science of plant breeding and other components of sustainable agriculture systems.     

马铃薯糖苷生物碱的生物学作用及开发利用

本文根据作者近年的研究成果及国外研究动态，简要介绍了马铃薯糖苷生物碱的种类，结构，含量及在植株中的分布；重点论述了糖苷生物碱的毒性，毒理及对块茎食用、饲用和加工品质的影响，糖苷生物碱与马铃薯植株自身的抗病，抗虫性及其抗病虫育种的关系，以及糖苷生物碱在医药学中的应用价值，为马铃薯的综合开发利用指出了新途径。     

减少木材加工企业粉尘污染的切削技术

木粉尘是我国木材加工企业环境污染及产生职业病的主要原因,为控制木粉尘产生量和散发量,笔者从切削及刀具技术角度探讨了降低空气中粉尘浓度的途径;指出粉尘是木材切削加工的产物,其产生量与散发量直接与木材切削方式、切削条件和刀具的结构密切相关;提出研究无屑、少屑和顺畅排屑等方面木材切削和刀具技术的重要性。综述了激光、高压水喷射等特种木材切削技术的研究及应用现状;介绍了金刚石木工铣刀及超薄硬质合金圆锯片等先进刀具技术;探讨并分析了影响木粉尘产生量的切削因素。指出我国大多数木材加工企业工作车间或作业场所的空气中,粉尘浓度严重超标,因此,研究和开发具有环保特点的绿色切削技术和木工刀具制造技术具有重要意义。     

某聚酯装置职业病危害因素对工人健康影响分析

目的探讨聚酯专用料装置职业病危害因素与作业工人健康的关系,并采取必要措施减少各类职业病危害因素对工人健康的影响。方法采用现场职业卫生学调查对某聚酯专用料装置职业病危害因素进行识别,依据作业场所各类职业病危害因素健康效应、现场检测浓度和强度,结合作业人员近3年职业健康检查结果进行综合对照分析。结果作业现场各类化学危害因素检测浓度均符合国家限值标准,噪声检测强度超出限值要求;近3年职业健康结果表明,听力下降人数有逐年增加趋势,血压升高和肝功能异常人数增加。结论作业工人听力下降受噪声影响较明显,乙醛、乙二醇、联苯、噪声等职业病危害因素对作业工人肝功能和血压可能产生影响。