非点源污染对人类健康影响的研究进展

社会经济的发展,在使社会得以进步、物质得以丰富的同时,也产生了一系列的工业点源、农业或城市非点源的污染问题,而这些污染对人类健康造成了极大的威胁。尽管非点源污染与人类健康息息相关,但在大多数情况下,人们只考虑污染对环境质量本身的影响,而由非点源污染直接或间接影响到人类健康的问题却没有得到足够的重视。文章综述了目前国内外对非点源污染直接和间接影响人类健康的研究进展,提出了控制非点源污染及减缓它对人类健康影响的对策。。     

噪声职业病的危害分析及预防对策探讨

随着工业生产、城市建设以及交通运输的迅速发展,噪声对人们产生的危害日益加剧,尤其以相关行业的职工患有噪声职业病为主.详细阐述了噪声职业病的各种危害,并根据相关法律标准,结合现今噪声领域前沿研究人员提出的噪声控制方法,对预防和控制噪声职业病提出了一些科学、系统的安全措施和防范对策.     

医务人员职业健康危害及其关键控制环节

通过查阅、分析大量文献,结合实际工作经验,系统阐述了医务人员面临的主要职业危害因素,并针对我国医务人员职业危害现状和防治工作中存在的主要问题,提出防治关键环节和措施。分析表明:我国医务人员职业暴露危害严重;医务人员的生命质量和平均寿命低于普通人群;医院职业卫生立法和技术标准滞后;防治措施不力,医务人员职业健康权益得不到有效保护。同时指出对医务人员职业危害防治的关键措施:必须通过加强科学研究、制定法规标准、建设医院安全文化、加强宣传教育和培训、推广免疫接种和防护技术、科学设计工作流程、加强心理疏导等关键措施,有效防治医务人员职业健康危害。     

大骨节病病情下降与环境因素的定位研究

１９８７年４月－１９８９年９月对内蒙三个大骨节病村进行了随诊观察，结果表明，大骨节病病情逐年下降，人体硒营养水平相应提高，病情与硒营养水平之间呈显负相关，每日由外源性食物中摄取的硒与病情呈显负相关，而由当地产粮，菜中摄取的硒与情呈显正相关。由肉蛋类食物中摄取与病情呈显负相关，生态环境中的硒基本无变化，增加外源性高硒食物输入病区和改变病区食物构成是控制硒反应性疾病的主要途径。     

宁南霉素防治烟草花叶病的研究

在我国四川省和云南省进行的总面积９０１．８６ｈｍ２多点防治试验、示范结果表明,农用抗生素宁南霉素对烟草花叶病的防治效果为６９．４％～９５．４％,平均增产效果为２６．１％,均优于目前推广防治烟草花叶病的植病灵、菌毒清和８３增抗剂,并可使烟叶的内在质量明显提高．在温室内施药间隔３～１０ｄ后,人工分别接种烟花叶病毒（ＴＭＶ）、黄瓜花叶病毒（ＣＭＶ）和马铃薯Ｙ病毒（ＰＹＶ）,实验表明,宁南霉素对烟花叶病毒（ＴＭＶ）和黄瓜花叶病毒（ＣＭＶ）所引起的烟草花叶病的防治效果高达９２．９％和９０．９％,对马铃薯Ｙ病毒（ＰＹＶ）引起的烟草花叶病的防治效果达５３．８％．     

蚯蚓粪中拮抗微生物分析

实验证明，蚯蚓对有机废弃物进行生物降解的产物一蚯蚓粪，在一定程度上能够控制一些蔬菜类植物苗期土传病害的发生．对此现象的一种解释是蚯蚓粪中含有一些拮抗微生物．从以牛粪为饵料生产的蚯蚓粪中分离出两株拮抗活性强、范围广的拮抗微生物并得到鉴定：0103A球孢链霉菌(Streptomyces globisporus)和0104A丁香苷链霉菌(Streptomyces syringini),该菌及其发酵液对多种病原菌的抑菌谱及胚根、盆栽生物测定实验表明：两株拮抗菌在蚯蚓粪对蔬菜苗期病害的控制中起重要作用．表8参17     

Toward an integrative molecular approach to wildlife disease

Pathogens pose serious threats to human health, agricultural investment, and biodiversity conservation through the emergence of zoonoses, spillover to domestic livestock, and epizootic outbreaks. As such, wildlife managers are often tasked with mitigating the negative effects of disease. Yet, parasites form a major component of biodiversity that often persist. This is due to logistical challenges of implementing management strategies and to insufficient understanding of host–parasite dynamics. We advocate for an inclusive understanding of molecular diversity in driving parasite infection and variable host disease states in wildlife systems. More specifically, we examine the roles of genetic, epigenetic, and commensal microbial variation in disease pathogenesis. These include mechanisms underlying parasite virulence and host resistance and tolerance, and the development, regulation, and parasite subversion of immune pathways, among other processes. Case studies of devil facial tumor disease in Tasmanian devils (Sarcophilus harrisii) and chytridiomycosis in globally distributed amphibians exemplify the broad range of questions that can be addressed by examining different facets of molecular diversity. For particularly complex systems, integrative molecular analyses present a promising frontier that can provide critical insights necessary to elucidate disease dynamics operating across scales. These insights enable more accurate risk assessment, reconstruction of transmission pathways, discernment of optimal intervention strategies, and development of more effective and ecologically sound treatments that minimize damage to the host population and environment. Such measures are crucial when mitigating threats posed by wildlife disease to humans, domestic animals, and species of conservation concern.     

雷州桉树枝梢弯曲生理病与微肥施用效果研究初报

浅海沉积物和花岗岩发育的砖红壤,连续种枪桉树后,有些桉树品种出现的枝梢弯曲生理病与缺乏微量元素有关,施用微肥能防止枝梢弯曲生理病的发生,或对枝梢弯曲生理病有抑制和矫正作用,从而改善桉树中长状况,提高桉树生长量,使桉树能够持续速生丰产。     

沼气发酵液对西瓜苯丙氨酸解氨酶的诱导

为了研究沼气发酵液抑制西瓜枯萎病（ Ｆｕｓａｒｉｕｍ ｏｘｙｓｐｏｒｕｍ ｆ．ｓｐ ． ｎｉｖｅｕｍ） 的作用机理,使用不同来源和不同浓度的沼气发酵液处理西瓜植株,发现处理的植株体内的苯丙氨酸解氨酶（ Ｐ Ａ Ｌ） 的活性有显著升高,不同来源的沼气发酵液对植株的 Ｐ Ａ Ｌ活性都有不同程度的增加,并与黄腐酸的含量有一定相关性．用黄腐酸处理西瓜植株也可以诱导 Ｐ Ａ Ｌ 的产生     

Geochemistry of high arsenic groundwater in Chia-Nan plain, Southwestern Taiwan: possible sources and reactive transport of arsenic

Major ion, trace element, and stable isotope analyses were performed on groundwater samples collected during November 2005 and 2006 in Chia-Nan plain of southwestern Taiwan to examine As mobilization in aquifers. The high concentrations of As, Fe and Mn in the groundwater is consistent with low Eh values (under moderately reduced state). Moreover, the observed Na/Cl and SO(4)/Cl molar ratios in groundwater demonstrate the influence of seawater intrusion. Seawater intrusion could provide required electron acceptors (i.e., SO(4)) for bacterial sulfate reduction and promote reducing conditions that are favorable for As mobilization. The concurrent increases in the concentrations of Fe and Mn from 2005 to 2006 may be caused by bacterial Fe(III) and Mn(IV) reduction. Geochemical modeling demonstrate that As(III) is the dominant As species and the presence of Fe-bearing carbonates, sulfides, and oxide phases may locally act as potential sinks for As. Mud volcano fluids were also collected and analyzed to assess the possible source of As in the Chia-Nan plain groundwater. The oxygen and hydrogen isotopic signatures indicate that the As-rich mud volcano fluids may have been modified by chemical exchange with (18)O-rich crustal rocks and possibly originated from mixing of deep brines with circulating meteoric water. Thus As in the Chia-Nan plain groundwater may have been evolved from deep crustal fluids or rock sources. The hydrogeochemistry and widespread As enrichment in groundwater of Chia-Nan plain result from multiple processes, e.g., de-watering of deep crustal fluids, seawater intrusion, and biogeochemical cycling of Fe, As, and S in alluvial sediments.