亚青会期间南京污染气体与气溶胶中水溶性离子的分布特征

使用β射线测尘仪、EMS污染气体监测系统、安德森9级采样器和IC型离子色谱分析仪对2013年8月10~28日南京市亚青会期间PM2.5、污染气体和水溶性离子进行了观测分析.结果表明,在亚青会期间PM2.5、NO2、O3和CO的浓度分别为37.0、19.3、48.1和0.7×103μg·m-3,分别比亚青会前降低了26.0%、42.6%、36.1%和46.1%.亚青会期间,细粒子段主要水溶性离子为Na+、NH+4、Ca2+和SO2-4,占80.6%;粗粒子段主要水溶性离子为Na+、Ca2+、NO-3和SO2-4,占77.9%.Ca2+、Mg2+和NO-3在亚青会期间为双峰型分布,其余离子为三峰型分布;亚青会前和后水溶性离子均为三峰型分布.由NO-3/SO2-4的值判断亚青会前和后南京市SO2和NOx主要来自于移动源,在亚青会期间主要来自固定源.     

华北火电厂脱硫对奥运期间区域空气质量的影响

采用MM5-CMAQ模式系统模拟研究了2006—2008年间华北火电厂脱硫工程实施对奥运期间区域空气质量的影响,并对比研究了脱硫前后华北地区二氧化硫(SO2)、硫酸盐气溶胶(ASO4)浓度及能见度的变化.结果表明,华北火电厂脱硫可有效削减区域SO2和ASO4浓度,在奥运气象条件下,脱硫促使京津冀、山东北部、山西东部、内蒙河套地区SO2浓度下降1~10 ppbv,而大部分地区ASO4浓度下降约1μg·m-3.北京是SO2浓度降低最明显的地区,其SO2浓度下降百分比超过50%;太行山脉沿线、泰山地区是ASO4浓度下降最明显的地区,浓度降低达2μg·m-3.火电厂脱硫同时促使北京、河北大部、山西北部及内蒙南部地区的能见度上升0.5 km以上.     

华北地区冬小麦干旱风险评估的初步研究

作者在本文中探讨了利用风险分析进行气象灾害影响评估的方法。根据华北地区冬小麦干旱的特点，确定了小麦各发育阶段在有限灌溉条件下的干旱指标及发生概率。利用ＦＡＯ产量与水分关系模型，计算出干旱引起的减产率，并综合考虑当地抗灾性能和承灾体密度，得到冬小麦各发育阶段及全生育期的干旱风险度，进行分级定量评估。为小麦持续高产稳产决策提供科学依据。     

The promise of Beijing: Evaluating the impact of the 2008 Olympic Games on air quality

To prepare for the 2008 Olympic Games, China adopted a number of radical measures to improve air quality. Using the officially reported air pollution index (API) from 2000 to 2009, we show that these measures improved the API of Beijing during and a little after the Games, but a significant proportion of the effect faded away by October 2009. For comparison, we also analyze an objective and indirect measure of air quality at a high spatial resolution – aerosol optimal depth (AOD), derived using the data from NASA satellites. The AOD analysis confirms the real but temporary improvement in air quality, it also shows a significant correlation between air quality improvement and the timing and location of plant closure and traffic control. These results suggest that it is possible to achieve real environmental improvement via stringent policy interventions, but for how long the effects of these interventions will last will largely depend on the continuation of the interventions.     

红壤丘陵区冬闲稻田CH4和N2O排放通量的研究

CH4和N2O是与全球气候变化密切相关的2种主要温室气体,其排放规律以及减排措施已成为当前研究的热点。休闲期抛荒稻田普遍存在于我国西南和南方地区,而对于其CH4和N2O排放规律的研究还比较少。本实验选取江西红壤丘陵区进行观测,于稻田休闲期采用静态箱-气相色谱法进行原位观测,旨在探讨休闲期CH4和N2O的排放规律,可为制定减排措施提供一定的依据。研究结果表明：红壤丘陵区冬闲稻田CH4和N2O平均排放通量（以CH4和N2O-N计）分别为0.03mg.m-2.h-1和3.27μg.m-2.h-1。冬闲期CH4和N2O平均排放通量与土温、降雨量无明显线性关系（P〉0.05）。冬闲稻田排放CH4和N2O的综合温室效应（以CO2-eq计）为7.58 g.m-2,其中,CH4和N2O产生的温室效应（以CO2-eq计）分别为2.33和5.25 g.m-2。N2O排放量是冬闲稻田温室气体观测中不可忽视的部分。     

北京地区奥运会期间PM2.5对心脑血管疾病的影响

为了探讨2008年奥运会前后减排和限行措施对北京居民心脑血管健康的影响,调查了2006~2010年7~9月的空气质量状况及北京急救中心心脑血管疾病日入院人数,采用时间序列方法中的非参数广义相加模型(GAM),在控制了长期趋势、"星期几效应"及气象因素的影响后,分析了北京PM2.5浓度与心脑血管疾病日入院人数的暴露-反应关系,并按性别、年份建立了模型.结果表明,PM2.5对心脑血管疾病的影响具有一定的滞后效应,全人群、男性和女性滞后均为0~2d,在2006~2010年7~9月中,2008年3个人群的RR均最小,2009年RR最大.PM2.5日均浓度每增加10μg/m3,2008年男性、女性及全人群日入院人数风险分别增加0.18%、0.07%和0.00%,2009年男性、女性及全人群日入院人数风险分别增加3.43%、2.10%和2.97%.2008年7~9月采取的相关政策措施对降低了北京地区居民心脑血管疾病的发病风险具有重要作用.     

Using Landsat data to estimate evapotranspiration of winter wheat

An evapotranspiration (ET) model that accurately estimates daily water use and soil moisture on a regional basis is required for many agricultural and hydrological studies. The model should use meterological data that are readily available and crop information that is responsive to the changing vigor of the plants.We evaluated an ET model with a weighing lysimeter and then applied it to winter wheatfields at four Kansas locations. Model inputs are solar radiation, temperature, precipitation, and leaf area index (LAI); included in the outputs are estimates of transpiration, evaporation, and soil moisture. An equation was developed to estimate LAI from Landsat data. Because LAI can be estimated from satellites, the ET model can potentially be used on a regional basis.     

青岛市可持发展环境优势与战略对策

作为北京奥运的唯一伙伴城市,面对历史性的机遇和挑战,青岛市在加快建设和发展步伐的同时,坚持人与自然和谐、山海城协调、历史与现代交融、经济社会全面进步的可持续发展原则,不断推进青岛的生态城市建设,可以预见,青岛市完全符合举办一流奥运会的要求将成为现实。     

Modelling impacts of alternative farming management practices on greenhouse gas emissions from a winter wheat–maize rotation system in China

Agricultural production plays an important role in affecting atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations. Field measurements were conducted in Quzhou County, Hebei Province in the North China Plains to quantify carbon dioxide (CO₂) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from a winter wheat–maize rotation field, a common cropping system across the Chinese agricultural regions. The observed flux data in conjunction with the local climate, soil and management information were utilized to test a process-based model, Denitrification–Decomposition or DNDC, for its applicability for the cropping system. The validated DNDC was then used for predicting impacts of three management alternatives (i.e., no-till, increased crop residue incorporation and reduced fertilizer application rate) on CO₂ and N₂O emissions from the target field. Results from the simulations indicated that (1) CO₂ emissions were significantly affected by temperature, initial SOC, tillage method, and quantity and quality of the organic matter added in the soils; (2) increases in temperature, initial SOC, total fertilizer N input, and manure amendment substantially increased N₂O emissions; and (3) temperature, initial SOC, tillage, and quantity and quality of the organic matter added in the soil all had significant effects on global warming. Finally, five 50-year scenarios were simulated with DNDC to predict their long-term impacts on crop yield, soil C dynamics, nitrate leaching losses, and N₂O emissions. The modelled results suggested that implementation of manure amendment or crop residue incorporation instead of increased fertilizer application rates would more efficiently mitigate GHG emissions from the tested agro-ecosystem. The multi-impacts provided a sound basis for comprehensive assessments on the management alternatives.     

南京青奥保障环境监测工作机制分析研究

2014年8月南京青奥会的成功举办,留下了一笔丰富的物质遗产和精神遗产.青奥会环境保障目标全部实现,通过对筹备和运行期间环境监测工作的成功经验进行思考,总结出青奥环境监测保障:在组织架构上,四级监测保障团队要高效协作;在工作制度上,形成了例会制度、值班制度、协调制度和采访制度等;在保障管理上,确立工作程序、制定应急、统筹安排资源和落实保障经费.基于上述分析阐述了青奥保障期间南京市监测系统的工作机制,以期为其它城市举办大型国际赛事所借鉴.