有机肥对小麦增产作用的研究

本文报导了在太湖流域的3个不同地点进行为期4年、重夏6次、184个处理的试验。结果表明,增施有机肥出叶速度快。植株生长量大。发蘖早,分蘖多,光合作用强,增加了物质积累,灌浆强度大,因穗多、粒多、粒重而增产。在使用225kg/ha纯氮的条件下,至少搭配25％～37.5％的有机氮,并做到两头促、中间补是小麦高产稳产的施肥技术。     

Critical phosphorus concentrations in winter wheat genotypes with various phosphorus efficiencies

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内蒙古河套灌区春小麦苗期生态系统CO2通量变化研究

在内蒙古河套灌区用连续自动采样箱的方法对不同施肥方式下的春小麦生态系统CO2净交换(NEE)进行观测,发现苗期(出苗-拔节期)春小麦生态系统主要是一个CO2净交换逐渐增大,固定碳逐渐增加的过程.在速效肥条件下,春小麦生态系统苗期CO2净交换的变化为-390.20～901.25 mg·m-2·d-1,日呼吸量在-800.35～-5865.22 mg·m-2·d-1;缓释肥负荷下CO2净交换变化为-206.00～1258.36 mg·m-2·d-1,日呼吸量在-407.02～-4986.52mg·m-2·d-1."-"表示从生态系统中丢失碳.从CO2净交换中减去生态系统的呼吸速率就得到植物的光合速率.采取缓释的施肥方式可以减少苗期CO2释放.此外,用气象因子包括瞬时光合有效辐射(PAR)、空气温度和土壤温度等对光合速率和呼吸速率构建简单的模型去模拟CO2通量的变化速率.结果表明,PAR与大气温度和10cm土壤温度分别是制约苗期春小麦生态系统呼吸和光合速率的主要因素.     

黄淮平原不同多熟模式生产力特征与资源利用效率研究

对黄淮平原一麦三玉米、一麦二玉米和一麦一玉米三种多熟模式的产量、资源利用及经济效益状况进行了比较分析。结果表明，三种模式年亩产均超过吨粮，说明在集约栽培条件下黄淮平原亩产吨粮的现实性。三种模式产量梯度差异表明，在水肥供应基本充足的情况下，通过集约多熟种植并配合以合理调控技术是在高产基础上进一步提高产量的有效途径。一麦三玉米最高产量达２２０１ｔ／ｈｍ２（亩产１４６７ｋｇ），是在现有技术条件下接近与突破亩产吨半粮的有效种植模式之一。全年玉米总穗数增加是增产的关键。一麦三玉米模式通过接茬移栽等综合措施的有效配合，能维持较高的同化功能，光热资源利用效率提高。经济效益上表现为高投入高产出，但部分产投经济指标有下降的趋势。从综合考虑公顷产量与公顷纯收入及物质费用、用工等因素上综合评判，一麦三玉米模式总体上表现优势。     

干旱综合防御集成技术机制及在华北冬麦区的示范应用研究

论文将底墒效应利用技术、土壤深松技术、秸秆覆盖技术、有限水分胁迫效应利用技术、喷施多功能防旱剂五项单项抗旱技术在冬小麦播前及各个发育阶段适时、适地综合集成,并给出了应用量化指标。于1998～2000年在河南、河北、山东省进行示范推广应用。结果表明:冬小麦干旱综合防御集成技术是通过各单项抗旱技术触发和优化冬小麦找水、增水、保水、节水、控水的五种水分利用机制,发挥了植物生理生态、土壤理化性状、土壤水库、麦田小气候效应和化学制剂喷施等多种防旱抗旱的效能,时间贯穿于冬小麦整个生育期,可实现持续防旱抗旱。集成技术具有比各单项技术更显著的增产、节水效果。在两个典型大旱年的情况下,集成技术使水分利用效率提高10.6%～53.7%,平均提高27.7%;小麦增产7.0%～42.3%,平均增产16.6%;每公顷增加纯收入490～1200元。     

Eight years of annual no-till cropping in Washington's winter wheat-summer fallow region

The tillage-based winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-summer fallow (WW-SF) cropping system has dominated dryland farming in the Pacific Northwest USA for 125 years. We conducted a large-scale multidisciplinary 8-year study of annual (i.e., no summer fallow) no-till cropping systems as an alternative to WW-SF. Soft white and hard white classes of winter and spring wheat, spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), yellow mustard (Brassica hirta Moench), and safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) were grown in various rotation combinations. Annual precipitation was less than the long-term average of 301 mm in 7 out of 8 years. Rhizoctonia bare patch disease caused by the fungus Rhizoctonia solani AG-8 appeared in year 3 and continued through year 8 in all no-till plots. All crops were susceptible to rhizoctonia, but bare patch area in wheat was reduced, and grain yield increased, when wheat was grown in rotation with barley every other year. Remnant downy brome (Bromus tectorum L.) weed seeds remained dormant for 6 years and longer to heavily infest recrop winter wheat. There were few quantifiable changes in soil quality due to crop rotation, but soil organic carbon (SOC) increased in the surface 0–5 cm depth with no-till during the 8 years to approach that found in undisturbed native soil. Annual no-till crop rotations experienced lower average profitability and greater income variability compared to WW-SF. Yellow mustard and safflower were not economically viable. Continuous annual cropping using no-till provides excellent protection against wind erosion and shows potential to increase soil quality, but the practice involves high economic risk compared to WW-SF. This paper provides the first comprehensive multidisciplinary report of long-term alternative annual no-till cropping systems research in the low-precipitation region of the Pacific Northwest.     

Climate change adaptation in the ski industry

Regardless of the success of climate change mitigation efforts, the international community has concluded that societies around the world will need to adapt to some magnitude of climate change in the 21st century. While some economic sectors (e.g., agriculture, water resources and construction) have been actively engaged in climate change adaptation research for years, adaptation has received scant consideration within the tourism-recreation industry. This is particularly the case for adaptation by tourism operators (supply-side). One exception where progress on supply-side climate adaptation has been made is the ski industry. This paper provides a brief overview of the literature on the implications of climate change for the international ski industry and how adaptation by ski area operators has been treated within these studies. This is followed by an inventory of climate adaptation practices currently used by ski industry stakeholders, including the historical development of certain key adaptations and constraints to wider use. The characteristics of ski areas with higher adaptive capacity are identified. Considering the highly competitive nature of the ski industry and the generally low climate change risk appraisal within the industry, climate change adaptation is anticipated to remain individualistic and reactive for some time. With only a few exceptions, the existing climate change literature on winter tourism has not considered the wide range of adaptation options identified in this paper and has likely overestimated potential damages. An important task for future studies is to develop methodologies to incorporate adaptation so that a more accurate understanding of the vulnerability of the international ski industry can be ascertained.     

Numerous experiments for the impact of warming climate on the phenology and grain yield of winter wheat

Based on the environmental and crop data at Zhenjiang City, in Jiangsu Province, middle east of China, the growing process of winter wheat was simulated by CERES-Wheat model assuming the daily average temperature is 1℃ to 2℃ higher than at the present, which are mostly possible for the change of climate because of enrichment of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The simulation results show that warming climate can promote development rate and shorten phenological stages of wheat, and the grain yield will be higher than present. Its impact on the kernel weight and grains per square meter were different for the plantings of various sowing dates. The results of this study suggest that substantial changes in agricultural production and management practices are needed to respond to the climatic changes expected to take place in China.     

气候对河南省小麦产量的影响及其变化研究

河南省位于亚热带与温带的气候过渡带 ,小麦产量对气候变化非常敏感 ,气候对小麦产量影响的南北过渡性很明显。文中用正交多项式的方法分离小麦产量 ;用积分回归的方法分析气候对小麦产量的影响。在此基础上 ,首先根据降水量、温度和日照时数对小麦产量影响的区域分布 ,分别把河南省分为4个降水量影响区、4个温度影响区、5个日照影响区 ;然后 ,采用滑动积分回归的方法 ,分别分析了亚热带和温带3个影响因子对小麦产量影响的变化 ;最后 ,讨论了未来气候变化的可能影响。     

汞对小麦幼苗生长和过氧化物酶同工酶的影响

过氧化物酶对植物的生长发育起着重要作用,对不良环境条件的反应也十分敏感。不少学者研究了不良因素对植物过氧化物酶活性及其同工酶谱的影响,证明在逆境条件下过氧化物酶活性常常增强,同工酶谱发生变化;但也有人认为没有影响。在汞作用下,小麦植株体内发生了一系列生理生化变化,但未见汞对小麦幼苗过氧化物酶同工酶影响的系统报道。