城市面源污染负荷动态更新体系构建研究

为及时掌握城市面源污染状况,构建了城市面源污染负荷动态更新体系。以北京市建成区典型下垫面为研究对象,采用事件平均浓度统计法,估算了基准年污染负荷,并通过变量更新系数,更新了2012年北京市城市面源污染物SS、COD、TN、TP、氨氮负荷。结果表明:街道路面和屋面污染负荷最大,城市绿地面积显著增加对削减城市面源污染负荷具有重要作用。     

Maximizing the phylogenetic diversity of seed banks

Ex situ conservation efforts such as those of zoos, botanical gardens, and seed banks will form a vital complement to in situ conservation actions over the coming decades. It is therefore necessary to pay the same attention to the biological diversity represented in ex situ conservation facilities as is often paid to protected‐area networks. Building the phylogenetic diversity of ex situ collections will strengthen our capacity to respond to biodiversity loss. Since 2000, the Millennium Seed Bank Partnership has banked seed from 14% of the world's plant species. We assessed the taxonomic, geographic, and phylogenetic diversity of the Millennium Seed Bank collection of legumes (Leguminosae). We compared the collection with all known legume genera, their known geographic range (at country and regional levels), and a genus‐level phylogeny of the legume family constructed for this study. Over half the phylogenetic diversity of legumes at the genus level was represented in the Millennium Seed Bank. However, pragmatic prioritization of species of economic importance and endangerment has led to the banking of a less‐than‐optimal phylogenetic diversity and prioritization of range‐restricted species risks an underdispersed collection. The current state of the phylogenetic diversity of legumes in the Millennium Seed Bank could be substantially improved through the strategic banking of relatively few additional taxa. Our method draws on tools that are widely applied to in situ conservation planning, and it can be used to evaluate and improve the phylogenetic diversity of ex situ collections. Maximizar la Riqueza Filogenética de los Bancos de Semillas     

WTO规则对西部开发的风险及机遇浅探

随着中国加入WTO进程的加快和西部大开发战略的实施，依法治国无疑是改善投资环境、促进西部开发的最有效手段之一。本文根据WTO基本原则与法制经济的相互关系和影响深入浅出地论述了WTO对西部开发的风险及机遇，并提出了针对性的策略和措施。     

Mapping convergence points in the initial emergency response to 9/111

In response to extreme events, researchers have recognised the convergence of volunteers, emergency responders, and other individuals and organisations. In 2000, geographer Paul Routledge presented the concept of convergence spaces as a theoretical means to explain social movements. In applying this concept, this paper explores the geographic space in which organisations and individuals converged immediately following the 11 September 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center. The paper begins to answer the question of whether there were in fact any patterns of convergence among the locations utilised by organisations responding to the attacks. Using data collected from field documents, these geographic locations are mapped over 12 days to help identify possible patterns of clustering. Results of this analysis will begin to provide researchers, policy makers and practitioners with a better understanding of how emergency response evolves geographically following an event.     

上海世博会低碳实践及对中国低碳旅游发展启示

以低碳经济和低碳旅游为视角,全面总结上海世博会在低碳旅游规划、低碳场馆、低碳旅游交通、新能源利用、碳交易机制和平台的建立、城市最佳实践区的设置等方面的经验,以探索符合中国低碳经济特征的低碳旅游发展模式.     

Deflector Designs for Fish Habitat Restoration

Paired current deflectors are structures that are installed on each bank of a river to locally reduce the width of the channel, thereby creating flow acceleration and promoting scouring. These instream habitat structures have been used extensively in restoration projects to create pool habitat for fish, but there are many discrepancies in deflector design recommendations in terms of orientation, height, and length. Our objectives were to (1) examine how the angle, height, and length of paired deflectors affect scour hole dimensions and potential for bank erosion; and (2) test the applicability to paired deflectors of existing equations for scour hole depth and volume. Three deflector angles (45°, 90°, and 135°), two deflector heights (with flow under and over the deflector height), and two lengths (reducing the width by 25% and 50%) were investigated using uniform sand in a laboratory flume. Results showed a 26–30% smaller scour depth resulting from 45° deflectors than from 90° deflectors and a 5–10% smaller scour depth for 135° deflectors compared to 90° deflectors. The volume of scour and the potential for bank erosion were greater when flow was under the height of the deflectors rather than overtopping and when the length of deflector was increased. When flow was under the deflector height, 135° deflectors had the highest amount of bank erosion; whereas during overtopping flow conditions, 90° deflectors had the greatest bank erosion potential. Values predicted by the model of Kuhnle and others were closest to observed scour depth and volume measurements. The assumption that upstream-oriented deflectors always generate the largest scour should be revised.     

Adverse Effects on Alfeios River Basin and an Integrated Management Framework Based on Sustainability

The Alfeios River, the longest and highest flow-rate river in Peloponnisos, constitutes an important water resource and ecosystem in Greece. In the present study, human activities in the Alfeios River Basin are described, and their impacts on water quality and the ecosystem are analyzed; effects resulting from interventions on river geomorphology between Flokas Dam and the river delta are determined. These actions have caused significant adverse impacts on the infrastructure (the dam, railroad, and road bridges), the level of aquifer water table and area water uses, and the aquatic and riparian ecosystem. A general integrated management strategy is formulated and a master management plan is proposed for resolving management problems in river basins. The plan considers local conditions and national requirements and complies with the European Communities legislation; it would help prevent further basin deterioration, improve water quality, and protect water resources and ecosystems in the area in accordance to sustainable development. The Alfeios River Basin serves as a case study in the development of the plan.Published online Note: This version was published online in June 2005 with the cover date of August 2004.     

减灾与可持续发展模式--从第二次世界减灾大会看中国减灾战略的调整

简要介绍了2005年1月17日-22日在日本神户召开的世界减灾大会的基本内容,并着重论述了当前国际减灾领域的重要进展和发展趋向,就减灾与可持续发展作了系统的论证,提出了我国减灾领域近期发展的主要方向.从世界减灾大会的各项议程和各类论坛可以看出,未来世界减灾的战略可以概括如下:加强减灾能力建设是促进区域可持续发展的核心任务,全面推进社区减灾体系的建设是实现未来10年减灾目标的关键任务;建立与灾害风险共存的经济与社会体系,必须把减灾与区域发展有机地整合起来,寻求除害与兴利并举的可持续发展模式,建设接受一定风险水平的安全社区体系;重视包括全球气候变化、经济全球化、世界城镇化等自然与人文过程引发或孕育的新的灾害风险;建立满足区域减灾目标需要的预警系统,加强减灾信息共享,充分利用现有的减灾资源.针对国际减灾发展趋向,提出了中国减灾战略调整的建议,即实施"区域减灾"、"综合减灾"、"科教减灾"、"提高区域减灾能力"和"加强减灾科技能力建设".     

基于中国出口产品在国际贸易摩擦中的风险研究

进入21世纪以来,国际贸易摩擦已成为各国经济发展中难以避免的问题,随着中国在国际贸易领域中的迅速发展,中国与其他国家的贸易摩擦也不断出现,为此所承担的风险也越来越大。笔者对中国在国际贸易中出现的摩擦的表象成因进行了认真、深刻的分析,从8个方面提出了中国防范国际贸易摩擦风险的对策:行使世贸组织赋予的权利,处理多种贸易纠纷;完善我国对外贸易法律体制,建立合乎国际惯例的贸易救济体系;建立产业投资损害预警机制,减少因盲目投资带来的风险损失;加大技术开发力度,促进产业升级与产品档次的提高;转变政府职能,运用国际惯例调控贸易经济;企业练好国际市场竞争的内功,提高防范贸易摩擦风险的能力;强化行业协会职能,协调对内、对外关系;慎重处理好人民币汇率升值与汇率机制问题。同时,就中国出口产品在国际贸易摩擦中应注意的问题,也提出了尽快制定《反垄断法》、积极参与国际多边谈判等4个方面的建议。     

Capital allowance schemes for mining projects in LDCs

The capital allowance structure for mining projects in developing countries affects the supply price of investment by determining the payback period, reinvestment and the timing of government receipts. Using the capital allowance structures of Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Zambia, Botswana, Papua New Guinea and Malaysia, the article develops a financial model and examines the effect of capital allowances on foreign investor and host government cash flows under various cost-price conditions. The study stresses the importance to governments of making accelerated depreciation a flexible tool to trade off against other elements in the fiscal package. From the government viewpoint, faster write-offs of capital are preferable to a tax holiday. The article places particular emphasis on evaluating the relationship between capital allowances, income tax and a rent resource tax.