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141.
142.
Kyudong Yeo 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》2016,59(6):1040-1053
This paper presents a cost allocation method that applies the cooperative game theory and the Separable Costs Remaining Benefit method to a project that involves two local governments in water quality management in South Korea. The total project cost was estimated by using a parametric estimation method for reduction loads in accordance with the Total Pollution Load Management system. As a result, the cost allocation ratios between the City of Gwangju and Jeonnam Province are suggested to be 69.85% and 30.15% of the total project cost. The final cost allocation confirms the benefits to both governments and illustrates the cooperative game theory. 相似文献
143.
Previous research showed a regional Cu enrichment of 6 mg kg−1 in the top soil of the Ypres war zone (Belgium), caused by corrosion of WWI shell fragments. Further research was required
since in addition to Cu, also As, Pb, and Zn were used during the manufacturing of ammunition. Therefore, an additional data
collection was conducted in which the initial Cu data set was tripled to 731 data points and extended to eight heavy metals
(As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn) which permitted (1) to evaluate the environmental impact of the heavy metals at a regional
scale and (2) to assess their regional spatial occurrence by performing an optimized geostatistical modeling. The results
showed no pollution at a regional scale, but sometimes locally concentrations exceeded the soil sanitation threshold, especially
for Cu, Pb, and Zn. The spatial patterns of Ni and Cr were related to variations in soil texture whereas the occurrences of
Cu and Pb were clearly linked to WWI activities. This difference in spatial behavior was confirmed by an analysis of coregionalization. 相似文献
144.
Abstract: Systematic consideration of uncertainty in data, model structure, and other factors is generally unaddressed in most Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) calculations. Our previous studies developed the Management Objectives Constrained Analysis of Uncertainty (MOCAU) approach as an uncertainty analysis technique specifically for watershed water quality models, based on a synthetic case. In this study, we applied MOCAU to analyze diazinon loading in the Newport Bay watershed (Southern California). The study objectives included (1) demonstrating the value of performing stochastic simulation and uncertainty analysis for TMDL development, using MOCAU as the technique and (2) evaluating the existing diazinon TMDL and generating insights for the development of scientifically sound TMDLs, considering uncertainty. The Watershed Analysis Risk Management Framework model was used as an example of a complex watershed model. The study revealed the importance and feasibility of conducting stochastic watershed water quality simulation for TMDL development. The critical role of management objectives in a systematic uncertainty assessment was well demonstrated. The results of this study are intuitive to TMDL calculation, model structure improvement and sampling strategy design. 相似文献
145.
Water Quality Improvement Policies: Lessons Learned from the Implementation of Proposition O in Los Angeles,California 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This article evaluates the implementation of Proposition O, a stormwater cleanup measure, in Los Angeles, California. The
measure was intended to create new funding to help the city comply with the Total Maximum Daily Load requirements under the
federal Clean Water Act. Funding water quality objectives through a bond measure was necessary because the city had insufficient
revenues to deploy new projects in its budget. The bond initiative required a supermajority vote (two-thirds of the voters),
hence the public had to be convinced that such funding both was necessary and would be effective. The bond act language included
project solicitation from the public, as well as multiple benefit objectives. Accordingly, nonprofit organizations mobilized
to present projects that included creating new parks, using schoolyards for flood control and groundwater recharge, and replacing
parking lots with permeable surfaces, among others. Yet few, if any, of these projects were retained for funding, as the city
itself also had a list of priorities and higher technical expertise in justifying them as delivering water quality improvements.
Our case study of the implementation of Proposition O points to the potentially different priorities for the renovation of
urban infrastructure that are held by nonprofit organizations and city agencies and the importance of structuring public processes
clearly so that there are no misimpressions about funding and implementation responsibilities that can lead to disillusionment
with government, especially under conditions of fiscal constraints. 相似文献
146.
Donna B. Schwede Robin L. Dennis Mary Ann Bitz 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2009,45(4):973-985
Abstract: A tool for providing the linkage between air and water‐quality modeling needed for determining the Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) and for analyzing related nonpoint‐source impacts on watersheds has been developed. Using gridded output of atmospheric deposition from the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model, the Watershed Deposition Tool (WDT) calculates average per unit area and total deposition to selected watersheds and subwatersheds. CMAQ estimates the wet and dry deposition for all of its gaseous and particulate chemical species, including ozone, sulfur species, nitrogen species, secondary organic aerosols, and hazardous air pollutants at grid scale sizes ranging from 4 to 36 km. An overview of the CMAQ model is provided. The somewhat specialized format of the CMAQ files is not easily imported into standard spatial analysis tools. The WDT provides a graphical user interface that allows users to visualize CMAQ gridded data and perform further analyses on selected watersheds or simply convert CMAQ gridded data to a shapefile for use in other programs. Shapefiles for the 8‐digit (cataloging unit) hydrologic unit code polygons for the United States are provided with the WDT; however, other user‐supplied closed polygons may be used. An example application of the WDT for assessing the contributions of different source categories to deposition estimates, the contributions of wet and dry deposition to total deposition, and the potential reductions in total nitrogen deposition to the Albemarle‐Pamlico basin stemming from future air emissions reductions is used to illustrate the WDT capabilities. 相似文献
147.
中国与世界银行对新建火电厂的环保要求对比分析 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
详细介绍了中国和世界银行对新建火电厂的不同环保要求,比较分析了电厂污染物排放中的大气(颗粒物、二氧化硫、氮氧化物)、工业废水和噪声的排放限值,对规划、新建火电厂的主要污染物控制具有参考意义。 相似文献
148.
Gaps and opportunities for the World Heritage Convention to contribute to global wilderness conservation
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James R. Allan Cyril Kormos Tilman Jaeger Oscar Venter Bastian Bertzky Yichuan Shi Brendan Mackey Remco van Merm Elena Osipova James E.M. Watson 《Conservation biology》2018,32(1):116-126
Wilderness areas are ecologically intact landscapes predominantly free of human uses, especially industrial‐scale activities that result in substantial biophysical disturbance. This definition does not exclude land and resource use by local communities who depend on such areas for subsistence and bio‐cultural connections. Wilderness areas are important for biodiversity conservation and sustain key ecological processes and ecosystem services that underpin planetary life‐support systems. Despite these widely recognized benefits and values of wilderness, they are insufficiently protected and are consequently being rapidly eroded. There are increasing calls for multilateral environmental agreements to make a greater and more systematic contribution to wilderness conservation before it is too late. We created a global map of remaining terrestrial wilderness following the established last‐of‐the‐wild method, which identifies the 10% of areas with the lowest human pressure within each of Earth's 62 biogeographic realms and identifies the 10 largest contiguous areas and all contiguous areas >10,000 km2. We used our map to assess wilderness coverage by the World Heritage Convention and to identify gaps in coverage. We then identified large nationally designated protected areas with good wilderness coverage within these gaps. One‐quarter of natural and mixed (i.e., sites of both natural and cultural value) World Heritage Sites (WHS) contained wilderness (total of 545,307 km2), which is approximately 1.8% of the world's wilderness extent. Many WHS had excellent wilderness coverage, for example, the Okavango Delta in Botswana (11,914 km2) and the Central Suriname Nature Reserve (16,029 km2). However, 22 (35%) of the world's terrestrial biorealms had no wilderness representation within WHS. We identified 840 protected areas of >500 km2 that were predominantly wilderness (>50% of their area) and represented 18 of the 22 missing biorealms. These areas offer a starting point for assessing the potential for the designation of new WHSs that could help increase wilderness representation on the World Heritage list. We urge the World Heritage Convention to ensure that the ecological integrity and outstanding universal value of existing WHS with wilderness values are preserved. 相似文献
149.
Elsa Reimerson 《Local Environment》2016,21(7):808-826
This article investigates the space for agency of the Indigenous Sami in the management of the Laponia World Heritage site in northern Sweden. Analysing policy documents and interviews with key actors within a framework of post-colonial and discourse theory, I argue that discursive constructions of the management organisation, understandings of the relationships between the parties involved, and perceptions of challenges for the management organisation affect the Sami space for agency in the management of Laponia. Furthermore, there is a tension between the intrinsic value of Sami influence that follows an understanding of the Sami as an Indigenous people and the more instrumental value of Sami influence following a focus on the Sami reindeer-herding communities as important for the values of the World Heritage site. The positioning of the Sami in Laponia affects, and in some ways limits, the space for Sami political agency. It also connects to colonial discourses, historical and contemporary inequalities, and unequal power structures. Nevertheless, the management of Laponia is a unique example of increased Sami influence, resulting from Sami political struggle for recognition of their rights. 相似文献
150.
João B. Teixeira Rodrigo L. Moura Morena Mills Carissa Klein Christopher J. Brown Vanessa M. Adams Hedley Grantham Matthew Watts Deborah Faria Gilberto M. Amado‐Filho Alex C. Bastos Reinaldo Lourival Hugh P. Possingham 《Conservation biology》2018,32(5):1096-1106
Although marine protected areas can simultaneously contribute to biodiversity conservation and fisheries management, the global network is biased toward particular ecosystem types because they have been established primarily in an ad hoc fashion. The optimization of trade‐offs between biodiversity benefits and socioeconomic values increases success of protected areas and minimizes enforcement costs in the long run, but it is often neglected in marine spatial planning (MSP). Although the acquisition of spatially explicit socioeconomic data is perceived as a costly or secondary step in MSP, it is critical to account for lost opportunities by people whose activities will be restricted, especially fishers. We developed an easily reproduced habitat‐based approach to estimate the spatial distribution of opportunity cost to fishers in data‐poor regions. We assumed the most accessible areas have higher economic and conservation values than less accessible areas and their designation as no‐take zones represents a loss of fishing opportunities. We estimated potential distribution of fishing resources from bathymetric ranges and benthic habitat distribution and the relative importance of the different resources for each port of total catches, revenues, and stakeholder perception. In our model, we combined different cost layers to produce a comprehensive cost layer so that we could evaluate of trade‐offs. Our approach directly supports conservation planning, can be applied generally, and is expected to facilitate stakeholder input and community acceptance of conservation. 相似文献