太湖水中降解苯酚细菌的分布与降解能力研究

太湖水中降解苯酚的细菌有3个属，分别是假单胞菌属、微球菌属和芽孢杆菌属。芽孢杆菌属和假单胞菌属是降解苯酚的主要细菌。未驯化细菌对1mg/L苯酚的降解率介于70％～85％。驯化细菌对苯酚的降解能力有了很大提高，对60mg／L苯酚的降解率达到了60％，86％。CS1培养基适宜测试未驯化细菌对苯酚的降解能力，测试驯化细菌则要用CS2培养基。     

Characteristics that influence male reproductive success on a lek of Lethrinops c.f. parvidens (Teleostei: Cichlidae)

Sexual selection has long been proposed as a mechanism leading to the diverse cichlid (Teleostei: Cichlidae) fauna of Lake Malawi, Africa. Many of the shallow-water, sand-dwelling, bower-building cichlid species are particularly well suited for studies of sexual selection because they participate in leks. Since females in lekking systems appear to acquire only genetic material from their mates, it has been suggested that leks are ideal systems to study female mate choice. The objectives of the investigation were to examine Lethrinops c.f. parvidens male bower characteristics (i.e., bower size and location) as well as other male characteristics (i.e., length, gular color, and duration on the lek) for their influence on male mating success as measured by the number of visits, circles, and eggs laid by females. These measures are nested in that a visit by a female may or may not lead to circling, and circling by a female may or may not lead to egg-laying. We found increased bower height and higher numbers of conspecific neighbors (analogous to shallow-water, near-shore bower positions) to be positively, significantly associated with the number of visits by females. The only significant correlate with the number of circles was visits, and similarly circles was the only significant correlate with the number of eggs laid. The R ² value for the egg-laying regression was quite low (19.8%) compared with visits (54.3%) and circling (78.9%), suggesting that females may be using additional cues, that we failed to measure, when in close proximity to males or simply that a small proportion of the females were ready to spawn. Both indirect selection and direct selection pressure due to egg predation may have influenced female choice on the lek. Received: 10 April 1999 / Received in revised form: 26 July 1999 / Accepted: 18 September 1999     

鄱阳湖蓝藻分布及其影响因素分析

利用鄱阳湖的原位监测数据,分析鄱阳湖水华蓝藻的分布现状及其影响因素,探索鄱阳湖水华蓝藻的源头.研究结果表明,鄱阳湖浮游植物的优势种为硅藻,蓝藻为鄱阳湖的次级优势种,蓝藻在浮游植物总生物量的比例有逐年增加的趋势.水华蓝藻的主要优势种为鱼腥藻,其次为微囊藻和浮游蓝丝藻. 鄱阳湖蓝藻水华形成初期的基本规律为水华蓝藻在营养盐浓度相对较高且水流较缓的内湾及尾闾区生长分布,在夏秋季水位较高时在水流和风的作用下向主航道输移聚集. 结合鄱阳湖水文特点,主航道的水华蓝藻聚集有可能是上游四个湖区的蓝藻向下游漂移综合作用的结果.研究成果可为控制鄱阳蓝藻水华区域风险灾害提供基础数据.     

Investigation of low-molecular weight organic acids and their spatiotemporal variation characteristics in Hongfeng Lake, China

The identities and concentrations of low-molecular-weight organic acids (LMWOAs) were determined by ion chromatography throughout a 20-m water column in Hongfeng Lake, China. The spatiotemporal variations of LMWOAs and their contributions to dissolved organic matter (DOM) in a research period of 24 hr were also investigated. The results demonstrated that five LMWOAs (lactic, acetic, pyruvic, sorbic, oxalic acid) were detected, and their total concentration and proportion in DOC were 6.55 μmol/L and 7.47%. Their average levels were 2.50, 0.65, 2.35, 0.96 and 0.09 μmol/L, respectively. LMWOAs were higher during daytime (10:00-18:00 on Jun 13, 2008) than nighttime (21:00-6:00 the next morning), in particular 4.99 μmol/L high in the epilimnion ( 1 m water depth), reflecting the fact that direct import from terrigenous sources and photochemical production from humic materials were dominant during LMWOAs’ origin and accumulation. The same factors caused LMWOAs to be 0.63 μmol/L in the epilimnion higher than in the hypolimnion. The rapid decrease of total organic acid (TOA) up until 18:00 mainly resulted from bio-uptake and mineralization in the hypolimnion (>1 m water depth). Pyruvic acid increased with time in the epilimnion and decreased in the hypolimnion, largely related to the two contrary processes of continuous degradation and synthesis of macromolecular organic matter during life materials’ cycle mediated by organisms. Simultaneously, plankton behavior and thermal stratification played a pivotal role in LMWOAs’ behavior in the water column, causing decreasing and increasing profiles. The distribution of LMWOAs represents an interesting resource for biogeochemical research of DOM in aquatic ecosystems.     

巢湖表层沉积物重金属生物有效性与生态风险评价

以巢湖表层沉积物为对象,对重金属(Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni和Pb)总量及形态进行分析并运用潜在风险指数法和风险评价编码两种方法对巢湖表层沉积物重金属的生态风险进行了评价.结果表明,巢湖表层沉积物中的重金属含量表现为西部湖区高,东部湖区低的特征,其中南淝河入湖区重金属含量是全湖的1.09~1.21倍.BCR形态分析表明,巢湖表层沉积物中Cr、Ni和Cu以残渣态为主(分别占总量82.99%、63.63%和54.25%),Cd和Zn以弱酸提取态为主(分别占总量55.96%和35.84%),Pb以可还原态和可氧化态为主(分别占总量39.66%和24.56%).潜在生态风险危害指数(RI)表明,南淝河入湖河口区域具有较大生态风险(RI值范围为351.54~381.17).风险评价编码方法(RAC) 的结果显示,Cd处于极高风险水平,Zn基本处于高风险水平,Cu 和Ni处于中低风险,Pb处于低风险水平,Cr各采样点均处于无风险.因此, 对需着重考虑对南淝河入湖湖区的Cd和Zn元素的重点治理.     

东太湖沉积物中氮的积累与水生植物沉积

为揭示浅水湖泊沉积物中氮的积累及其与水生植物间的关系,1993年11月在东太湖42个样点上采集了沉积物柱状样品并进行了分析。东太湖硬度小于5kgf/cm²的松软淤积层平均厚度0.96m,全湖淤积量149×106t。粉沙质淤积物中总氮（TN）含量0.009％～0.801％,总有机碳（TOC）含量0.01％～17.36％,变幅极为悬殊。总氮含量与总有机碳含量间呈密切的线性正相关TN（％）＝0.0251TOC（％）＋0.0063,表层沉积物中总氮和总有机碳含量都与水生植物的现存量有较为显著的正相关。这说明,氮和有机碳主要经过水生植物的生物沉积途径进入沉积物,水生植物有将湖水中的氮传输到底泥中,使其进入地球化学循环的功能,这对于降低湖水中的氮含量、防止富营养化有积极的意义     

鄱阳湖微囊藻毒素时空分布格局及其与理化和生物因子的关系

本文分别于2012年4月(春季)、8月(夏季)、10月(秋季)和2013年1月(冬季)在鄱阳湖进行了4次野外调查和样品采集,采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱仪(UPLC-MS/MS)对鄱阳湖水柱中常见的3种微囊藻毒素(MC-RR、MC-YR和MCLR)的质量浓度进行定量分析,探寻了微囊藻毒素(microcystins,MCs)质量浓度的时空变化规律及其与湖泊环境理化因子和生物因子之间的关系.结果表明,MC-RR是鄱阳湖MCs的主要毒素种类.胞内微囊藻毒素(intracellular MCs,IMCs)与微囊藻生物量(r=0.47,P0.01)、颤藻生物量(r=0.68,P0.01)、蓝藻生物量(r=0.56,P0.01)、Chl-a(r=0.28,P0.01)之间均具有显著的正相关关系,但与鱼腥藻生物量之间没有明显的相关关系(P0.05),这说明微囊藻和颤藻是鄱阳湖微囊藻毒素的主要产毒藻类.IMCs与水温(r=0.51,P0.01)、透明度(r=0.69,P0.01)、Fe(r=0.43,P0.01)和Zn(r=0.43,P0.01)之间均呈现显著的正相关关系,与TN(r=-0.44,P0.01)、TP(r=-0.29,P0.01)、NO-2-N(r=-0.28,P0.05)、NH+4-N(r=-0.33,P0.05)、Ca(r=-0.34,P0.01)和Mg(r=-0.35,P0.05)均呈现显著的负相关关系,但与pH、PO3-4-P、NO-3-N、电导率、高锰酸盐指数、Cu离子之间的相关关系不显著(P0.05),这说明光照强度(透明度反映)、氮、磷、水温是控制鄱阳湖微囊藻毒素产生的重要因子,金属离子Ca、Mg、Fe、Zn在一定程度上能影响微囊藻毒素的产生.鄱阳湖IMCs和胞外微囊藻毒素(extracellular MCs,EMCs)呈现相似的季节变化趋势,即夏季最高,其次为秋季,冬季和春季较低.鄱阳湖IMCs的空间分布整体上呈现东部湖汊群、松门山周围以及蚌湖和蚌湖进入鄱阳湖的入湖口较高,其它区域较低的趋势,而EMCs的高值区位于松门山周围和蚌湖及其入湖口.     

连环湖牙门气泡沉积物重金属演化和污染研究

2010年8月在牙门气泡的湖心位置采集了柱状沉积岩心.采用HNO3-HClO4-HF联合消解并运用ICP-MS测试了柱状沉积岩心中金属元素Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Fe、Pb、Zn、Cd、Al、Ba、Ca、K、Li、Mg、Na和Sr的含量,结合沉积岩心年代测定,研究了该湖区沉积物重金属元素演化特征及污染历史.应用富集系数法探讨了湖泊重金属的污染特征.结果表明,1950年以前各元素含量变化趋势平稳,1950～1990年间波动较大,1990年以后金属元素Mn、Zn、Cd、Pb、Fe、Ni、Cr、Cu、Ca、Li和Sr浓度明显增加.牙门气泡重金属元素Mn、Zn、Cd、Pb存在轻微污染,而Ni、Cr和Cu无污染.     

基于种群、功能群对比分析洞庭湖浮游植物群落驱动因素及水质评价

浮游植物是水生态系统中最重要的组成部分,因其对水环境变化敏感而常被用于指示水环境状态,但其对环境的响应受分类方法的影响.为了解洞庭湖浮游植物种群(门、属)和功能群(FG)两种分类法对环境的驱动响应特征和适用性,于2019年3～12月分水期对该湖共进行了4次采样,比较分析了浮游植物种群和功能群的分布特征及其与环境因子的响应关系,并对比了TLI指数、 Shannon-Wiener指数、Q指数等评价方法在洞庭湖的适用性.结果表明,洞庭湖共检出浮游植物6门61属,可划分为23个功能群和9个优势功能群,功能群演替趋势为P/MP/D(3月)■月)■月)■(12月).层次分割结果表明,洞庭湖浮游植物的种群分布与变化受环境因子的驱动大于空间驱动;影响浮游植物种群和功能群的主要环境因子为水温(WT)、高锰酸盐指数、溶解氧(DO)、电导率(Cond)、水位(WL)和总磷(TP),环境因子对两者的独立解释性排序相差不大.RDA分析表明,浮游植物功能群对环境因子的响应要优于浮游植物种群.综合对比分析发现,利用Q指数进行水质评价在洞庭湖水体有较好的适用性.     

基于不同土壤数据单元法的DNDC模型对太湖地区水稻土CH4排放模拟研究

利用农业土壤痕量气体排放模型DNDC(DeNitrification-DeComposition),以整个太湖地区37个县234万hm2水稻土为例,分析了3种不同土壤数据单元法对CH4排放模拟的影响.其中,1∶5万图斑单元法土壤属性来自1∶5万土壤数据库,图斑为最小模拟单元;1∶5万"县级"单元法土壤属性也取自1∶5万土壤数据库,"县"为最小模拟单元;1∶1 400万"县级"单元法土壤属性取自国内同类研究使用最多的1∶1 400万土壤图和《中国土种志》,"县"为最小模拟单元.结果表明,虽然1∶5万图斑单元法大多数县的CH4排放量都在1∶5万"县级"单元法最大与最小值范围之间,但整个地区总排放量(以C计,下同)相差达到1 680 Gg;而1∶1 400万"县级"单元法CH4排放量与1∶5万图斑单元法相比,尽管整个地区总排放量只相差180 Gg,但各"县级"单元之间的估算差异却很大,这一方面说明了土壤数据的详细程度是保证地球生物化学模型模拟精度的重要因子,另一方面也说明在区域CH4排放量估算模拟中使用更详细的土壤资料是非常必要的.