太湖流域分散农村居民对生活垃圾的产生和处理认知分析

本文通过问卷调查的方式考察了太湖流域分散农村居民对政府免费实施"村收集、乡转运、县处理"的收集清运垃圾模式和未来生活垃圾处置收费的认可度,获得了太湖地区分散农村居民对生活垃圾处置现状的认知度,结果表明:农村居民对生活垃圾收费制度的认可程度低,对有害垃圾的处置缺乏必要的认识;被调查者受教育程度与垃圾分类(P0.01)、危险废物分离(P0.01)和垃圾危害的认知程度(P0.05)呈显著正相关关系;垃圾付费选项中,被调查者不愿意支付费用的占53.2%,仅有26.2%的被调查者愿意支出1~3元/月;对现有的政府免费收集清运垃圾模式认可程度高达94%以上。该研究结果对促进太湖流域农村生活垃圾的资源化与减量化管理具有重要的战略意义。     

Development and application of a two-dimensional water quality model for the Daqinghe River Mouth of the Dianchi Lake

Water quality models are important tools to support the optimization of aquatic ecosystem rehabilitation programs and assess their efficiency. Basing on the flow conditions of the Daqinghe River Mouth of the Dianchi Lake, China, two-dimensional water quality model was developed in the research. The hydrodynamics module was numerically solved by the alternating direction iteration (ADI) method. The parameters of the water quality module were obtained through the in situ experiments and the lab analyses that were conducted from 2006 to 2007. The model was calibrated and verified by the observation data in 2007. Among the four modelled key variables that were water level, CODcr, NH3-N and PO4-P, the minimum value of the coefficient of determination (CoD) was 0.69, which mean the model performed reasonably well. The developed model was then applied to simulate the water quality changes at the downstream cross-section assuming that the designed restoration programs were implemented. According to the simulated results, the restoration programs could cut down the loads of CODcr and PO4-P about 15%, however, they would have very little effect on the NH3-N removal. Besides, the water quality at the outlet cross-section would be still in class V (3838-02), indicating more measures should be taken to further reduce the loads. The study demonstrated the capability of water quality models to support aquatic ecosystem restorations.     

Phragmites australis and Typha orientalis in removal of pollutant in Taihu Lake, China

Two plant populations of Phragmites australis and Typha orientalis grown in gravel and sediment substrate were studied to assess their capabilities for purifying polluted water in Taihu Lake, China. The substrate displayed most significant effects on the suspended matter (P < 0.01), with the reduction of 76%-87% and 52%-63% for P. australis, and 83%-86% and 45%-62% for T. orientalis in gravel substrate and sediment substrate, respectively. Both species and substrates significantly decreased the N and P conc...     

洱海流域农田土壤氮素的矿化及其影响因素

采用好氧间歇淋洗培养法,对洱海流域内的农田、菜地土壤样品培养2周,研究土壤氮的矿化及其影响因素.结果表明,表层土壤2周氮矿化量平均为65.54mg/kg.不同农田利用方式下,表层土壤氮矿化量的平均值为露地菜田粮田大蒜田.土壤氮素矿化以硝态氮为主,且随着土壤深度的增加而降低.土壤氮矿化同全氮、有机质含量呈明显的正相关关系,与pH值呈负相关;氮矿化与无机氮含量、C/N之间无显著关系.全氮、有机质和pH值是影响该流域农田土壤矿化的主要因子.     

太湖流域不同管理模式的社会经济环境系统演化模拟

基于复杂自适应系统理论构建了社会经济环境系统模型,采用计算实验方法模拟分析了太湖流域在经济优先和水环境保护优先2种管理模式下的动态演化过程,得到了农业与工业经济发展水平、就业状况和水环境改善情况的演化规律.结果表明,在综合考虑社会、经济、水环境的基础上,2种管理模式均能在一定程度上实现经济和就业的增长,同时改善水环境.环境保护优先模式虽能有效保护水环境,却会牺牲部分经济发展和就业保证.不同地区在演化过程中表现出差异性,常州和湖州经济获得较快增长;苏州、上海在就业方面做出较大贡献;无锡和苏州水环境改善效果最为明显.     

基于固定化氮循环细菌技术的镇江金山湖生态工程效果研究

通过细菌筛选、载体分析、固定化氮循环菌制备,获取了高效固定化氮循环细菌;采用固定化氮循环细菌技术对镇江金山湖富营养化水体进行了治理研究.结果表明,经过固定化氮循环细菌释放试验,金山湖示范工程区水体和水生植物根区氨化细菌、亚硝化细菌、硝化细菌和反硝化细菌数量明显增加,重建的金山湖示范工程区水体水质明显改善,TN、NH⁺₄-N、NO^-₃-N和NO^-₂-N平均比示范工程前分别降低44.70％、 67.17％、 31.79％和74.21％,氨氮达到Ⅱ类、总氮达到Ⅳ类水标准.固定化氮循环细菌技术对于荒漠化水体生态重建与修复具有重要意义.     

基于不同土壤数据单元法的DNDC模型对太湖地区水稻土CH4排放模拟研究

利用农业土壤痕量气体排放模型DNDC(DeNitrification-DeComposition),以整个太湖地区37个县234万hm2水稻土为例,分析了3种不同土壤数据单元法对CH4排放模拟的影响.其中,1∶5万图斑单元法土壤属性来自1∶5万土壤数据库,图斑为最小模拟单元;1∶5万"县级"单元法土壤属性也取自1∶5万土壤数据库,"县"为最小模拟单元;1∶1 400万"县级"单元法土壤属性取自国内同类研究使用最多的1∶1 400万土壤图和《中国土种志》,"县"为最小模拟单元.结果表明,虽然1∶5万图斑单元法大多数县的CH4排放量都在1∶5万"县级"单元法最大与最小值范围之间,但整个地区总排放量(以C计,下同)相差达到1 680 Gg;而1∶1 400万"县级"单元法CH4排放量与1∶5万图斑单元法相比,尽管整个地区总排放量只相差180 Gg,但各"县级"单元之间的估算差异却很大,这一方面说明了土壤数据的详细程度是保证地球生物化学模型模拟精度的重要因子,另一方面也说明在区域CH4排放量估算模拟中使用更详细的土壤资料是非常必要的.     

基于δ18O的青藏高原中部错那湖湖水蒸发研究

稳定同位素方法经常被用来估算湖水水量平衡,这种方法主要依赖于水样的采集和同位素分析,并结合研究区域相关的气候和水文信息对湖水进行研究。基于对1999-2001年期间获得的18个湖水样的稳定同位素分析,发现错那湖水δD和δ¹⁸O的平均值分别为-83.3‰和-9.6‰,显著高于流域内同期降水中δD和δ¹⁸O的加权平均值-124.5‰和-16.6‰;流域内湖水稳定同位素的变化幅度远小于降水,但展示了明显的季节变化,夏季值较低而冬春季值较高,这种变化表现出一定的降水量效应,表明降水是湖水主要补给来源之一。结合所获得的流域内降水和河水稳定同位素数据,利用稳定同位素质量平衡方法对非结冰期间错那湖水的蒸发与流入比率(E/I)进行了估算,结果表明,受太阳辐射与气温升高的影响,湖水受到强烈的蒸发,流入错那湖的水大约24%消耗于蒸发。     

A Rapid Response Survey to Characterize the Impacts of the 2017 High Water Event on Lake Ontario

In the spring and summer of 2017, communities along the Lake Ontario shoreline suffered from the worst flood event on record. In late May, daily water levels reached their highest point in over 100 years, and flooding continued throughout much of the summer as lake levels slowly declined, with inundation and erosion significantly impacting shoreline homes and businesses. In this work, we present results from a rapid response online survey of property owners along the New York Lake Ontario shoreline to quantify the perceived flood impacts of the 2017 extended high water event. The survey focused on the degree and spatial distribution of inundation and erosion; the duration and drivers of inundation; the associated damages to different property features, with an emphasis on shoreline protection; and the degree of disruption to business and other activities and services. Photographic documentation of inundation extent and property damage also was provided by survey respondents. We demonstrate the potential utility of this dataset by characterizing key features of inundation and erosion impacts across the shoreline, and by using classification and regression trees to explore the predictability of inundation and erosion based on property characteristics. This work is part of a larger effort to develop models of inundation and erosion that can support flood impact assessments across the shoreline and help communities better prepare for future extended high water events.     

巢湖流域和太湖流域沉积物中苄氯菊酯和高效氰戊菊酯的生态风险评价

分析了巢湖流域和太湖流域表层沉积物中苄氯菊酯和高效氰戊菊酯,并结合毒性单元法(Toxic Unit,TU)和物种敏感性分布法(Species Sensitivity Distributions,SSD)评价了两种拟除虫菊酯的生态风险.结果显示,两大流域沉积物中均广泛检测出两类污染物.总体而言,巢湖流域苄氯菊酯含量较高,而太湖流域高效氰戊菊酯含量较高.同时,两种污染物在巢湖流域呈现显著的正相关,但太湖流域二者之间没有相关关系.3种风险评价方法(TU法、沉积物SSD法、水体SSD法)均揭示苄氯菊酯对巢湖流域水生环境影响较大,而高效氰戊菊酯对两个流域影响均较大.因此,需要加强对流域高效氰戊菊酯污染的关注.其中,TU法预测的风险最小,沉积物SSD法预测的风险最大,主要原因在于TU法采用的毒性数据为LC50,而SSD法则选用了NOEC/LOEC,同时沉积物SSD法是出于保护大部分底栖生物为目的的方法.各种方法对于评价沉积物毒害污染物的生态风险均存在不足,尽管沉积物SSD法最为合理,但由于其毒性数据较少,最终预测结果存在一定的不确定性.因此,需要进一步加强对底栖生物毒性的研究和数据积累.