滇池湿地环境影响评价指标体系研究

根据压力-状态-响应（Pressure-State-Response,PSR）框架模型,针对滇池目前生态环境问题,以滇池为对象、生态环境影响源为压力,构建滇池湿地环境影响评价指标体系;采用ANP结构模型,进行滇池湿地环境影响评价指标权重分析,并利用模糊综合分析对结果进行评估,在此基础上,确定滇池湿地环境影响评价指标的指标权重。     

洞庭湖区环境污染的安全性研究

从水体、底泥、土壤、生物等方面分析了洞庭湖区的环境污染状况,结果表明洞庭湖水体主要受氮磷污染,底泥和周边土壤主要受重金属Cd、Cu污染。分析认为污染物排放、地质原因、外源输入和纳污能力减弱是洞庭湖区环境污染的主要原因,并提出污染治理的相关措施。     

贵州阿哈湖物质循环过程的微量元素地球化学初步研究

对贵州阿哈湖夏季和冬季分层湖水的水化学参数、溶解态微量元素和悬浮颗粒物微量元素进行了对比研究。结果显示:阿哈湖湖水夏季热分层和化学分层均较明显,而冬季湖水处于混合状态。夏季湖泊物质循环过程对生源要素Si、DOC以及Mn、Fe、Cr、Co、Ni、Zn和Mo等微量元素的分布和迁移转化均产生了重要影响。夏季湖泊底层水体中溶解态Mn、Fe、Co和Ni的含量较高,主要受有机质降解和Fe、Mn氧化还原循环的影响,而且Mn的循环强度高于Fe循环,溶解态Cr在底层水体中仅有小幅升高;另外,沉积物孔隙水向上覆水体的释放作用对底层水体中溶解态重金属浓度的升高可能也有一定的影响。溶解态Zn和Mo在夏季底层水体中的含量呈现逐渐降低的趋势,主要受到金属硫化物形成以及钼酸盐沉淀的影响。夏季悬浮颗粒物的Mn、Fe、Cr、Co、Ni、Zn和Mo均在氧化还原界面附近呈明显富集趋势,主要受铁锰氧化物/氢氧化物吸附/解吸、氧化还原作用等水-粒相互作用过程的控制和影响;此外,金属硫化物的形成可能也对底层水体中悬浮颗粒物Zn、Mo和Ni含量的升高有一定贡献。     

Relationship between herbaceous community distribution and soil environmental factors in the riparian zone of the Baiyangdian River Basin北大核心CSCD

Riparian zone vegetation is an important part of the riparian ecosystem and plays an important role in the riparian zone functioning. Herbs, which are one of the main types of riparian vegetation, are extremely sensitive to environmental changes and human activities and have become a hot spot of riparian vegetation research. In this study, the herbaceous communities of four representative rivers (Xiaoyi, Baohe, Fuhe, and Baigouyin River) entering Baiyangdian Lake in China were researched. The herbaceous species in their riparian zones were systematically investigated using the sample plot method. The Shannon-Wiener diversity (H’), Pielou evenness (J), and Patrick richness (R) indices were estimated to examine the species composition and diversity of the herb communities, following which redundancy analysis (RDA) was conducted. The relationship between species diversity, distribution patterns of herbaceous plant communities, and soil environmental factors in the riparian zone of the four rivers is discussed. (1) Eighty-three species of herbaceous plants belonging to 66 genera and 27 families in the riparian zone entering Baiyangdian Lake. Most herbaceous plants, including Poaceae, Compositae, and Chenopodiaceae, were weeds or associated plants. Riparian vegetation was greatly affected by human disturbance. (2) All the three estimated indices of the Xiaoyi, Baigouyin, and Fuhe rivers were better than those of the Baohe River. (3) The vegetation coverage and species diversity of riparian herbaceous communities were positively correlated with soil organic matter and water content but negatively correlated with pH, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus. Therefore, these communities are conducive to the restoration of vegetation and the stability of biodiversity in the riparian core area to reduce the disturbance of human activities and increase humidity. © 2022 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

白洋淀多种生境沉积物有机质来源解析及其演变

沉积物有机质来源及其演变的解析对富营养化湖泊的防治及生态修复具有重要的意义.白洋淀是华北地区最大的淡水湖泊,由于受人类活动的影响,其生境逐渐破碎化且不同生境的有机质来源及演变过程尚不清楚.通过对白洋淀河道、湖面、鱼塘、荷塘4种不同生境沉积物岩芯正构烷烃含量与组成特征的分析,结合主成分分析-多元线性回归(PCA-MLR)模型,以解析其有机质的来源及演变.结果表明：由于受不同人类活动的影响,不同生境沉积物的有机质来源不同.鱼塘和荷塘沉积物有机质来源以藻类等水生低等生物为主,分别达到78.3%、72.7%;河道沉积物有机质来源则以陆生高等植物为主,占比为63.8%;开阔湖面沉积物中不同有机质来源所占比例分别为水生低等生物33.0%,水生高等植物26.2%,陆生高等植物40.8%.该结果与白洋淀地区人类活动变化与经济社会发展历程相对应.值得注意的是,尽管随着雄安新区一系列环境治理措施和环保工程的实施,白洋淀水质恶化趋势得到遏制,藻类等水生低等生物在河道和湖面的沉积物有机质来源占比开始缓慢降低,但是由于水体富营养化程度较深且藻类死亡后仍大量沉积于沉积物中,鱼塘和荷塘沉积物有机质来源中水生低等生物...     

骆马湖表层水和沉积物中全氟化合物赋存特征、来源及健康风险评估

通过对骆马湖表层水和沉积物的调查检测,分析了两类介质中全氟化合物（PFASs）的组分结构和赋存特征,并运用主成分分析法对表层水中此类物质的来源进行了解析,运用风险商法评估了此类物质的潜在健康风险,结果表明,骆马湖表层沉积物中总计检出14种PFASs,而其表层水中较之前者多检出1种（PFTeA）;表层水中■范围为46.09～120.34ng·L^-1,沉积物中■范围为2.22～9.55ng·g^-1;表层水中质量分数最高的为PFPeA,为38%,沉积物中质量分数最高的为PFBA,为61%,骆马湖多介质中PFASs组分均以短链物质为主;骆马湖表层水中PFASs的高浓度区域集中分布在北部河流入湖口,其浓度呈现由北向南递减的趋势,沉积物中PFASs的高含量区域则向南迁移;骆马湖沉积物中的∑PFASs、 PFBA和PFOS的分布情况与沉积物中TOC含量有关;主成分分析表明骆马湖表层水中PFASs主要来自纺织品阻燃、橡胶品的乳化、食品包装过程和纸类表面处理,金属电镀行业,皮革和纺织品制造行业;骆马湖表层水中PFASs处于较低健康风险水平.     

太湖氧化亚氮(N2O)排放特征及潜在驱动因素

氧化亚氮（N₂O）是《京都议定书》规定的6种温室气体之一,其百年增温趋势是CO₂的298倍,大气N₂O浓度在持续快速增长中.浅水湖泊是大气N₂O的重要来源,为探讨富营养湖泊太湖N₂O排放的时空变化及潜在驱动因素,于2月（冬）和8月（夏）不同季节下在太湖进行野外观测,采用扩散系数-顶空瓶法观测表层水体N₂O浓度［c（N₂O）］和排放通量［F（N₂O）］,并讨论分析N₂O排放的潜在驱动因素.由于溶解性有机物（DOM）光谱是溶解性有机碳（DOC）及溶解性有机氮（DON）来源组成的有效示踪指标,其迁移转化过程亦会释放大量无机氮,改变水体氧化还原电位,因而也能影响N₂O排放.结果表明,太湖表层水体N₂O的浓度和排放通量表现出的时间变化及空间变化强烈受到季节（水温）差异和营养水平的共同影响,其表层水体c（ČN₂O）均值为（19.7±2.7） nmol·L^-1,F（N₂O）均值为（41.1±1.8）μmol·（m²·d）^-1,两者均表现为夏季高于冬季（t-test,P<0.01）;DOM和DOC等有机质的输入累积能够提高水体N₂O的产生和排放潜力,其中N₂O排放通量与水体类腐殖质组分C1显著正相关,表征陆源输入的荧光峰积分比值I_C ：I_T及芳香性指标S_275-295都表明西北入湖河口区积累了大量陆源类腐殖酸,其转化降解对N₂O的产生及排放有较大的贡献.结果显示水温、DOM组成来源和营养水平等均是影响太湖水体N₂O排放的重要因素.长期连续观测能更好地全面评估各种因素对水体N₂O产生及排放的影响并科学合理地制定减排方案.     

洞庭湖区洪涝灾害的预报模式

本文根据1952～1988年长江中上游地区的水文气象资料,对洞庭湖区洪涝灾害的特点进行了分析,在此基础上建立了预报模式.     

武汉东湖底质磷释放对水体的影响

以超额磷负荷为评价指标,计算武汉东湖底质中磷的可释放量为439.4t,底质磷释放实验表明其释放速率为9.47mg/m2·d。东湖底质磷释放对水体磷水平的贡献达到25%。预测在无新外源输入条件下,其内源污染仍会使水体在近20年内保持高的磷水平。     

Specific biomagnification of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in tufted ducks (Aythya fuligula), common cormorants (Phalacrocorax carbo) and their prey from Lake Shinji,Japan

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDDs/DFs) were detected in waterfowl such as common cormorants, tufted ducks, and their prey, namely fish and bivalves from Lake Shinji, Japan. The concentration of total PCDDs/DFs-TEQ was found to be higher in the muscle tissues of common cormorants than in those of tufted ducks. The results of hierarchical cluster analysis implied that the residue distribution pattern of PCDD/DF homologues was considerably different between these two species. Furthermore, biomagnification factors (BMFs) were estimated from bivalves as prey to tufted duck muscles as target organs. Despite the highest concentrations of 1,3,6,8- and 1,3,7,9-TeCDD in tufted ducks and their prey, however, the BMFs of these isomers were calculated to be lower than those of the toxic 2,3,7,8-substituted PCDDs/DFs. On the other hand, log BMF of toxic 2,3,7,8-substituted PCDDs/DFs were significantly higher for lower chlorinated isomers than those of the higher chlorinated isomers. The biota-sediment accumulation factors (BSAFs) of PCDDs/DFs were also estimated using shijimi clam and fish samples against sediment from Lake Shinji. The average BSAFs were estimated and ranged from 4.0×10⁻³ to 2.2×10⁻¹ and 2.0×10⁻⁴ to 2.0×10⁻¹ for bivalve and fish samples, respectively. Based on calculated BMFs and BSAFs, the total PCDD/DF-TEQ levels in the tufted duck were estimated to have been lowest (2.0 pg TEQ/g dry weight basis) in 1947 and highest (9.8 pg TEQ/g) in 1971.