土壤中铅锌的稳定化处理及机制研究

本研究采用磷酸二氢钾、生石灰、氯化钾以一定比例混合,对铅锌矿区污染土壤进行稳定化处理,并通过TCLP和Tessier连续提取法对稳定化效果进行分析和评价.利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对土壤进行形态和结构研究,分析稳定化机制.结果表明,P/Pb摩尔比在2~4,ω(Ca O)/ω(Soil)投加比在0.1%~0.5%,氯化钾投加量在0.02~0.04 mol时,Pb的稳定效率在80%以上,且Pb、Zn浸出浓度远低于标准限值.土壤中铅、锌的稳定化处理主要是将铅、锌从交换态转化为了残渣态,有效地限制了重金属离子的迁移.XRD和SEM分析表明,稳定化处理后形成的Ca-P-Pb沉淀、磷酸铅盐[PbHPO_4、Pb_3(PO_4)_2]、类磷氯铅矿(Pb-PO_4-Cl/OH)及混合重金属沉淀物(Fe-PO_4-Ca-Pb-Zn-OH)相互交联将重金属离子裹缚起来,形成稳定的结构,使得重金属离子难以浸出.     

南北极大气气溶胶单颗粒成分特点研究

运用定量电子探针微区分析技术(EPMA)分别测定了采自北极新奥尔松地区(78?55′N、11?56′E)和南极乔治王岛(62?13′S、58?47′W)极昼天气下PM10大气颗粒物样品.结果表明,北极和南极大气颗粒物化学成分存在很大差异,表现出各自不同的特点.北极的颗粒类型中,“反应的海盐”和“矿物尘”分别占颗粒总数的44%和27%,“新鲜海盐”所占的比例不到10%,“反应的海盐”中以含硝酸盐的颗粒为主,反映了外来物质或人为污染对该地气溶胶影响较大;南极的颗粒类型中,“新鲜海盐”占总数的74%左右,“反应的海盐”占19%,反应的海盐全部含硫酸盐、未发现含硝酸盐的颗粒,推测与海盐反应的含硫物质来源于海洋浮游生物代谢过程产生的二甲硫醚(DMS)及其降解产物,而与人为污染无关.     

偏振能量色散X-射线荧光光谱法测定土壤中Ni、Cu、Zn、Pb四种重金属元素

以土壤和水系沉积物标准物质为校准样品,采用粉末样品压片制样,建立了偏振能量色散X-射线荧光光谱仪测定土壤中Ni、Cu、Zn、Pb四种重金属元素的方法。该方法分别采用Ge,Zn,Zr等3个不同二次靶对被分析元素进行选择性激发和测定,利用经验系数和康普顿散射线作内标校正基体效应,优化了元素校准曲线方程,实验结果表明,土壤和水系沉积物标准物质准确度实验结果符合定值要求,方法精密度RSD在1.12%~6.09%之间(n=10),Ni、Cu、Zn、Pb四种重金属元素的检出限分别达到2.54、0.93、0.96、0.98 mg/kg。土壤样品测定值与原子吸收法测定结果一致,该方法准确度、精密度、检出限均能满足土壤检测的需要。     

上海地铁站台大气颗粒物中过渡金属研究

采集了上海市地铁站台大气颗粒物PM10和PM2.5样品,研究了颗粒物的形貌、化学元素组成和过渡金属特征.实验发现,地铁站台大气颗粒物PM10和PM2.5质量浓度明显高于室外,超过了国家标准限值.元素组成与室外街道大气颗粒物存在明显差异,过渡金属Fe、Cr、Mn等质量浓度高于室外,Fe是室外含量的8倍,Mn和Cr质量浓度为室外的2倍.扫描电子显微镜(SEM)结果显示地铁内大气颗粒物粒径较大,形状不规则,具有片状刮擦特性.X射线能谱分析(EDX)表明,其主要成分为Fe和O.X射线吸收近边谱(XANES)结果表明,地铁内大气颗粒物PM10中Fe部分以纯Fe(>26%)形态存在,室外街道大气颗粒物PM10中一大部分Fe以Fe(Ⅲ)形态存在.结果显示,对于每天乘坐上海地铁的乘客和在地铁站台内工作的人员,地铁站台是一个重要的存在过渡金属颗粒物暴露的微环境,金属颗粒物对人体健康的影响需要引起重视.     

厌氧环境雌黄溶解产物形态的XAS研究

雌黄是砷的环境地球化学过程中的重要的次生矿物.雌黄的溶解性研究对于研究砷在水环境中的形态转化和环境归趋具有重要意义.环境中p H和硫化程度对于雌黄中的砷的形态变化及其稳定性有重要影响.通过室内模拟实验,结合同步辐射X射线近边吸收光谱(XANES)和扩展X射线吸收光谱(EXAFS)表征手段研究了近中性厌氧条件下,有硫和无硫体系中雌黄溶解产物中稳定存在的砷形态.结果表明,在p H中性条件下,雌黄在两种体系中均形成硫代砷和亚砷酸盐的混合物,有硫体系中硫代砷是以全硫代为主,而无硫体系中硫代亚砷酸盐是部分硫代为主.线性拟合分析确定在有硫体系中硫代亚砷酸盐形态占总砷形态的88.2%,亚砷酸盐形态占总砷形态的11.8%,而在无硫体系中,硫代三价砷形态占总砷形态的43.7%,亚砷酸盐形态占总砷形态的56.3%.可见亚砷酸盐的形成与砷硫比有关,提高硫砷比可以提高亚砷酸盐中硫取代的比例以及全硫代亚砷酸盐的形成.     

Effect of CO2 corrosion behavior of mild steel in oilfield produced water

The corrosion rates of API X65 mild steel alloy in CO₂ – containing produced water have been studied by weight loss technique, potentiodynamic polarization technique and characterization of the corroded surface techniques. The effect of temperature, speed of rotation, pH and acetic acid concentration were studied. The optimum condition in presence and absence of protective film were also addressed. The kinetic parameters and reaction behavior were discussed in details. Corrosion rates increases with increasing temperature, acetic acid concentration, and speed of rotation, and decreased with increasing solution pH. The primary corrosion product of API X65 mild steel is ferrous carbonate (FeCO₃) at high temperatures, high pH's (alkaline media) and absence of acetic acid, which could act as a protective film so that CO₂ corrosion rate can be reduced.     

Soil humic acids may favour the persistence of hexavalent chromium in soil

The interaction between hexavalent chromium Cr(VI), as K₂CrO₄, and standard humic acids (HAs) in bulk solution was studied using three complementary analytical methods: UV-Visible spectroscopy, X-ray absorption spectroscopy and differential pulse stripping voltammetry. The observed UV-Vis and X-ray absorption spectra showed that, under our experimental conditions, HAs did not induce reduction of Cr(VI) to its trivalent chemical form. The interaction between Cr(VI) and HAs has rather led to the formation of Cr(VI)-HAs micelles via supramolecular chemical processes. The reported results could contribute towards explaining the relative persistence of ecotoxic hexavalent chromium in soils.     

用于应力腐蚀试验的飞机铝合金装配模拟件内部应力无损测定

目的 减少或避免服役飞机机体的应力腐蚀和腐蚀疲劳开裂.方法 采用短波长特征X射线衍射技术和仪器无损检测飞机铝合金装配模拟件的内部残余应力和装配应力的分布.结果 0.5 mm矩形间隙使下缘条根部上表层产生高达110 MPa及以上的拉应力;0.3 mm矩形间隙使下缘条根部上表层产生约80 MPa的拉应力;0.5 mm楔形间隙使下缘条根部上表层产生的拉应力平均值约55 MPa.结论 利用短波长特征X射线衍射技术能够无损测定和表征铝合金装配件内部应力及其分布,装配间隙使下缘条根部上表层产生较大拉应力,这与服役飞机机身螺接件出现较多非典型裂纹的部位吻合.矩形间隙装配件下缘条根部上表层的拉应力大于相同间隙值的楔形间隙装配件下缘条根部上表层的拉应力,并且,装配间隙越小,产生的拉应力越小.减小螺母靠根部处的装配间隙与螺母靠根部处到壁板距离的比值,将减小装配件的拉应力,减少或避免SCC&CFC的发生,以及非典型裂纹的产生.     

X射线结晶学在地学中的应用现状

本文概略地述评了X射线衍射方法在地学方面的应用现状:单晶结构分析和结构矿物学及其发展;X射线粉末法,特别是晶胞参数测定方法在造岩矿物研究中的应用;用单晶X射线照相研究造岩矿物调制结构;X射线粉末法在粘土矿物学及煤岩学上的应用,等等。 同时,还介绍了笔者在用X射线粉末法及单晶分析研究造岩矿物方面的主要成果。     

Elemental Analysis of Water and Sediments By External Beam Pixe Part 4. Aliakmon River, Greece

The Aliakmon River originates in the North Western part of Greece, traverses the Western part of Macedonia, and discharges into the Thermaikos Bay in the North Aegean Sea. Proton induced X-ray emission (PIXE) method with external beam was used for the determination of the metallic elements in the waters and sediments of the Aliakmon River. the pH, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, and total phosphate and nitrate concentrations were also monitored in the water samples. Data collected for a 20-month period indicate that the Aliakmon River can be still considered as an unpolluted river.