环氧涂层在不同温度海水中的失效行为研究

目的研究环氧涂层在不同温度海水环境中的腐蚀失效行为。方法采用电化学阻抗谱(EIS)技术研究两种海水环境中涂层的EIS特征,同时分析涂层电阻和涂层电容的变化,以研究环氧涂层防护性能随浸泡时间的变化。结果涂层在15℃海水中浸泡1440 h时,阻抗值下降至106?·cm2以下,而在30℃海水中仅浸泡72h时,阻抗值就已下降至106?·cm2。随着浸泡时间的增加,涂层在15℃海水中的EIS响应由高阻抗的单容抗弧变为双容抗弧,而在30℃的海水中,EIS响应首先由单容抗弧演变为双容抗弧,随后又出现了明显的Warburg扩散阻抗特征。涂层电容在两种温度的海水中均呈上升趋势,电阻呈下降趋势。结论涂层在30℃海水中的劣化速度加快,是因为升高温度能够降低涂层与金属间的结合力,加快了海水向涂层内部渗透的速率。由于温度的升高加快了溶解氧的扩散速率,使得氧扩散过程成为腐蚀反应的控制步骤,从而导致了涂层在30℃海水中的EIS响应出现了明显的Warburg扩散阻抗特征。当环氧涂层在15℃与30℃的海水中浸泡1800 h时,其防护性能的变化可以分为快速下降、缓慢下降、趋于稳定三个阶段。     

周村水库四季变化过程中水体溶解性有机物的分布与光谱特征

运用三维荧光光谱(EEMs)技术结合平行因子分析法(PARAFAC)及紫外-可见光谱技术(UV-vis),对周村水库四季变化过程中溶解性有机物(DOM)的分布及光谱特征进行了分析.结果表明:周村水库表层水体的氮素(总氮和溶解性总氮)和有机物(总有机碳和溶解性有机碳)的季节性差异显著,并且水库冬、春两季TN较多、TOC较少;表层水体DOM夏、秋两季的吸收系数a_(254)和a_(355)均高于冬、春季节,与有机物的分布相一致;四季的E3/E4均大于3.5,说明DOM以富里酸为主,E2/E3比值表明富里酸占DOM的比例夏、秋两季高于冬、春季节,除夏季外水库表层水体S_R均大于1,显示DOM主要为生物源;三维荧光通过PARAFAC解析出3种组分,分别为类腐殖质(C1)、可见区富里酸(C2)和类蛋白(C3);对3个组分进行相关性分析,结果显示,C1、 C2、C3之间具有显著的相关性(p0.01);DOM的总荧光强度及各组分的荧光强度均呈现出夏秋季高、冬春季低的特征,总荧光强度最大值为夏季的(1993.52±40.84) A.U.,最小值为春季的(1074.10±113.63) A.U.;周村水库各个季节间的DOM总荧光强度和荧光组分C1的荧光强度除夏、秋外均呈现显著的差异性(p0.05),组分C2和C3的荧光强度均呈现显著差异性(p0.05);周村水库四季的DOM生物源指数(BIX)为0.8～1.0,表明水库DOM具有较强的自生源特征,与腐殖程度指标(HIX)的结果相吻合;PCA分析显示,周村水库表层水体DOM的光谱特征差异明显,夏、秋两季的DOM光谱特征相近,冬、春两季的水体DOM特征相似;并且组分C1、C2、C3与DOM特征参数(FI、β:α)及溶解性有机碳(DOC)呈显著相关性(p0.01).通过对周村水库水体四季的DOM光谱特征进行研究,可以进一步分析水库水体的有机物污染特征,并为水库水质管理提供技术支持.     

PARAFAC和FRI解析ISI中DOM分布

利用平行因子分析（PARAFAC）和荧光区域积分（FRI）的方法解析三维荧光光谱（3D-EEMs）,结合主成分分析、相关性分析、聚类分析和多元线性回归分析,研究了曝气预处理改良土壤渗滤系统（ISI）处理生活污水时溶解性有机物（DOM）的垂直分布特征.根据FRI分析,ISI中DOM可以分为5个荧光区域,包括3个类蛋白物质区域（I、Ⅱ、IV）和2个类腐殖质物质区域（Ⅲ、V）.沿着垂直方向向下,ISI中DOM有溶出的现象,导致总荧光区域积分体积（TOT）与TN、TP、NH₄⁺-N、COD、TOC等都呈现显著负相关的关系,而与EC呈现显著正相关关系,其中荧光区域V与NO₃^--N浓度呈显著正相关的关系,氮素去除与DOM组成之间关系密切.通过进一步做PARAFAC分析表明,可以从DOM中识别出四种荧光组分,分别为C1类富里酸类物质和C2、C3、C4类蛋白类物质.荧光组分浓度得分值F_max表明,ISI对物质降解由易到难依次为C2 > C4 > C1、C3,即类酪氨酸最易降解,其次为类色氨酸类物质和类富里酸类物质.根据多元线性回归分析,可以用F_max间接表征TN、TP和COD等水质指标的浓度.     

垂序商陆叶细胞壁结合锰机制研究

垂序商陆是一种典型的锰超积累植物,细胞壁在其累积解毒锰的过程中起了一定的作用.通过细胞壁吸附实验,研究不同p H和不同锰浓度对细胞壁吸附锰的影响,并采用傅立叶红外光谱及同步辐射X-射线吸收光谱技术探讨了其吸附机制.结果表明,垂序商陆叶细胞壁吸附锰的最适p H值为5~6;其吸附行为可用Langmuir模型较好地描述(R2=0.978 5),并计算得其最大吸附量为62.50μmol·g-1.细胞壁上的羟基(—OH)和羰基(—CO)是结合锰的主要位点;锰周围第一配层为氧原子,其配位数为6.3,Mn—O键长为0.216 nm,细胞壁与锰主要以内配层模式相结合.     

石化罐区挥发性有机物源强反演技术的研究

石化企业是国民经济的支柱,亦是重大的污染排放源,其中大气污染以VOCs为主,而石化罐区是石化企业最常用的生产装置,研究石化罐区VOCs的核算具有重要的意义。同时,遥感傅里叶变换红外光谱技术以独特的优势,被广泛地应用于大气环境监测中,国内外一些研究学者试图将遥感傅里叶红外光谱技术与VOCs源强反演技术相结合,开发一条VOCs源强核算的新路。基于我国石化罐区的实际情况,提出了一种以遥感傅里叶变换红外光谱技术为监测手段,以石化罐区VOCs源强反演技术-扩散模式反推法为理论基础的石化罐区无组织排放VOCs源强反演的新方法,并介绍了其相关的研究理论、研究方法、研究进展,以及目前所存在的问题,为VOCs源强反演提供了一种新思路。     

Effects of duckweed (Spriodela polyrrhiza) remediation on the composition of dissolved organic matter in effluent of scale pig farms

The swine effluent studied was collected from scale pig farms, located in Yujiang County of Jiangxi Province, China, and duckweed (Spriodela polyrrhiza) was selected to dispose the effluent. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the effects of duckweed growth on the dissolved organic matter composition in swine effluent. Throughout the experiment period, the concentrations of organic matter were determined regularly, and the excitation–emission matrix (3DEEM) spectroscopy was used to characterize the fluorescence component. Compared with no-duckweed treatments (controls), the specific ultra-violet absorbance at 254 nm (SUVA₂₅₄) was increased by a final average of 34.4% as the phytoremediation using duckweed, and the removal rate of DOC was increased by a final average of 28.0%. In swine effluent, four fluorescence components were identified, including two protein-like (tryptophan, tyrosine) and two humic-like (fulvic acids, humic acids) components. For all treatments, the concentrations of protein-like components decreased by a final average of 69.0%. As the growth of duckweed, the concentrations of humic-like components were increased by a final average of 123.5% than controls. Significant and positive correlations were observed between SUVA₂₅₄ and humic-like components. Compared with the controls, the humification index (HIX) increased by a final average of 9.0% for duckweed treatments. Meanwhile, the duckweed growth leaded to a lower biological index (BIX) and a higher proportion of microbial-derived fulvic acids than controls. In conclusion, the duckweed remediation not only enhanced the removal rate of organic matter in swine effluent, but also increased the percent of humic substances.     

The impact of iodinated X-ray contrast agents on formation and toxicity of disinfection by-products in drinking water

The presence of iodinated X-ray contrast media (ICM) in source waters is of high concern to public health because of their potential to generate highly toxic disinfection by-products (DBPs). The objective of this study was to determine the impact of ICM in source waters and the type of disinfectant on the overall toxicity of DBP mixtures and to determine which ICM and reaction conditions give rise to toxic by-products. Source waters collected from Akron, OH were treated with five different ICMs, including iopamidol, iopromide, iohexol, diatrizoate and iomeprol, with or without chlorine or chloramine disinfection. The reaction product mixtures were concentrated with XAD resins and the mammalian cell cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of the reaction mixture concentrates was measured. Water containing iopamidol generated an enhanced level of mammalian cell cytotoxicity and genotoxicity after disinfection. While chlorine disinfection with iopamidol resulted in the highest cytotoxicity overall, the relative iopamidol-mediated increase in toxicity was greater when chloramine was used as the disinfectant compared with chlorine. Four other ICMs (iopromide, iohexol, diatrizoate, and iomeprol) expressed some cytotoxicity over the control without any disinfection, and induced higher cytotoxicity when chlorinated. Only iohexol enhanced genotoxicity compared to the chlorinated source water.     

硅酸盐熔体微结构单元的探讨

为了深入了解熔融硅酸盐的各种性质,综合前人的资料并结合自己的实验结果,对硅酸盐熔体中的微结构单元进行了探讨。熔体中包含5种不同的硅氧四面体(以Qn表示,n为四面体中的桥氧数目),不同的硅氧键中的电荷分布以及Qn在Raman谱图中的特征位移区有区别,熔态谱和玻璃态谱之间也存在差别,同组成熔体和淬冷玻璃中,同一Qn具有不同的摩尔分数、自由能和无序度,并且熔体中Q4的振动是非Raman活性的。     

光释光(OSL)测年技术的初步实验研究

提出了基于X射线激发的光释光测年原理，据此进行了初步实验研究。研究表明，利用X射线是可以激发辐射样品使其产生光释光信号的。     

藻干酪根X射线衍射特征及其与油气生成的关系

通过对加水热模拟实验中藻干酪根X射线衍射（XRD）特征的分析．探讨了其XRD谱图的演化特征、结构参数间的关系及其与油气生成的关系。研究结未发现，藻干酪根的XRD参数间均具良好的相关性，与干酪根的H／C原子比也都具有较好的相关关系，可作为有效的热演化指标，其中以Fa和D002最好。该藻干酪根开始生油时对应的Fa和D002分别为0．35和3．8A,生油高峰时对应的Fa和D002分别为0．50和3．65A。