长江重庆段主城水体沉积物溶解性有机质(DOM)的光谱特性

应用荧光发射光谱、荧光激发 发射光谱矩阵（EEMs）结合紫外 可见光吸收光谱对长江重庆段主城水体沉积物溶解性有机质(DOM)的光谱特性进行了研究。通过应用吸收指数E2/E3、荧光指数〖WTBX〗f450/f〖WTBZ〗500和三维荧光光谱特征指纹等参数,对长江重庆段主城水体沉积物溶解性有机质(DOM) 的来源、组成和空间分布规律进行了探讨。结果表明：沉积物溶解性有机质以类胡敏酸为主,其他的类富里酸、水体微生物代谢物质和类蛋白物质均有检出,陆源输入为水体沉积物溶解性有机质(DOM)主要来源,并且荧光强度在空间分布上呈现先升高后降低再升高的趋势     

能量色散X射线荧光光谱法测定土壤和沉积物中稀土元素

建立了偏振能量色散X射线荧光光谱法测定土壤和沉积物中稀土元素的方法,该方法较传统的方法具有前处理简单、测量自动化程度高、灵敏度高和检出限低(检出限范围为0.05~2.80 mg/kg)等优点。对土壤和沉积物标准物质的测定结果表明:测定结果与认定值能较好吻合,相对标准偏差范围为0.2%~9.4%,能满足测试的需求。分别用该方法和电感耦合等离子体质谱法对实际样品进行测定,2种方法的测定结果有较好的一致性,表明该方法测定结果准确可靠,可用于实际样品的测定。     

Direct spectral analysis and determination of high content of carcinogenic bromine in bread using UV pulsed laser induced breakdown spectroscopy

Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) was applied for the detection of carcinogenic elements like bromine in four representative brands of loaf bread samples and the measured bromine concentrations were 352, 157, 451, and 311 ppm, using Br I (827.2 nm) atomic transition line as the finger print atomic transition. Our LIBS system is equipped with a pulsed laser of wavelength 266 nm with energy 25 mJ pulse^?1, 8 ns pulse duration, 20 Hz repetition rate, and a gated ICCD camera. The LIBS system was calibrated with the standards of known concentrations in the sample (bread) matrix and such plot is linear in 20–500 ppm range. The capability of our system in terms of limit of detection and relative accuracy with respect to the standard inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS) technique was evaluated and these values were 5.09 ppm and 0.01–0.05, respectively, which ensures the applicability of our system for Br trace level detection, and LIBS results are in excellent agreement with that of ICPMS results.     

Modeling the mobility of glyphosate from two contrasting agricultural soils in laboratory column experiments

The method of single-strand conformational polymorphism (SSCP) was modified in our laboratories for the characterization of baculoviruses, insect viruses with great potential for use as bioinsecticides in biological protection programs. A series of primers were synthesized after the comparison of the polyhedrin gene sequences of over 20 baculoviruses. Polyhedrin is a highly conserved protein which is responsible for the persistence of the virus in the environment. Universal primers were designed which could be used in polymerase chain reactions (PCR) containing genomic DNA from an array of nucleopolyhedrosis viruses (NPVs) including these which are used as biopesticides against important pests of forests and crops, such as Anticarsia gemmatalis, Spodoptera frugiperda, Lymantria dispar, Lymantria monacha and many others. PCR products were denatured and subjected to single-strand DNA electrophoresis at variable temperatures (MSSCP) where, after silver staining, they gave ssDNA band patterns characteristic for each baculovirus species. This technique can be potentially applied to detect baculoviruses in insects collected in the field, as well as to plant tissues and the excrements or bodies of predators without need for sequencing the PCR products. Sometimes MSSCP can be used not only for species determination but also as an indication of genomic variability which can be related to infectivity.     

Raman and SERS spectra of thiamethoxam and the Ag3–thiamethoxam complex: an experimental and theoretical investigation

Dutch water boards have a well-established program for monitoring pesticide contamination of surface waters. These monitoring data have been processed into a graphic format accessible online and designed to provide insight into pesticide presence in Dutch surface waters and trends over time: the Pesticides Atlas (http://www.pesticidesatlas.nl). With this tool one can easily get maps of where a pesticide is being measured and where it might possibly constitute an environmental problem over the years. Presently, results of the periods 1997/1998 until 2005/2006 are available at the level of individual active ingredients. At a national level, the percentage of pesticides concentrations that exceed the maximum tolerable risk has declined 30% to 38% over the years 2003/2004 compared with 1997/1998. This means that surface water quality in the Netherlands has improved with respect to pesticides, however there are still many locations at which the measured concentrations exceed the environmental quality standards. The results on linking land use to pesticides concentrations were shown to assist in optimization of monitoring programs. By developing the present Internet tool, many new opportunities for environmental risk assessment and risk management were identified, e.g. optimization of monitoring strategies and communication to policymakers.     

三维荧光区域积分评估城市污水中溶解性有机物去除

以三维荧光技术为手段,结合荧光区域积分和聚类分析,考察某城市污水厂污水处理过程中溶解性有机物的去除状况。研究结果表明,采用三维荧光区域积分可以表征城市污水中易降解、可降解和难降解有机物相对含量的变化趋势,能够有效识别污水中溶解性有机物的指纹特征。城市污水中类蛋白等易降解物质含量约占总荧光物质的50%,在污水厂曝气池缺氧段,易降解基质被大量去除。曝气池顺水流方向约225 m处,溶解性有机物的去除已基本完成。三维荧光光谱中区域II和III的积分标准体积与TOC的皮尔森相关指数分别为0.964和0.970。和其他荧光指数相比,这2个区域的积分标准体积与TOC的相关度更高。     

浓硫酸低温分解废弃稀土抛光粉工艺研究

采用浓硫酸低温分解回收废弃稀土抛光粉,考察了硫酸用量、分解温度和反应时间对分解效果的影响,结果显示,较佳实验条件下,稀土收率可达95%以上。通过热重-差热与红外光谱联用技术实时在线监测技术,表明分解过程分为2个阶段,分别在270℃和300℃温度范围附近,稀土氧化物和稀土氟氧化物与硫酸发生反应。     

Distribution and seasonal variability of trace elements in atmospheric particulate in the Venice Lagoon

Size distribution and selected element concentrations of atmospheric particulate matter (PM) were investigated in the Venice Lagoon, at three sites characterised by different anthropogenic influence. The PM₁₀ samples were collected in six size fractions (10-7.2, 7.2-3.0, 3.0-1.5, 1.5-0.95; 0.95-0.49 and <0.49 μm) with high volume cascade impactors, and the concentration of 17 elements (Al, As, Ca, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, Sr, V, Zn) was determined by inductively coupled plasma quadrupole mass spectroscopy. More than 1 year of sampling activities allowed the examination of seasonal variability in size distribution of atmospheric particulates and element contents for each site.At all the stations, particles with an aerodynamic diameter <3 μm were predominant, thus accounting for more than 78% of the total aerosol mass concentration. The highest PM₁₀ concentrations for almost all elements were found at the site which is more influenced by industrial and urban emissions. Similarity in size distribution of elements at all sites allowed the identification of three main behavioural types: (a) elements found mainly within coarse particles (Ca, Mg, Na, Sr); (b) elements found mainly within fine particles (As, Cd, Ni, Pb, V) and (c) elements with several modes spread throughout the entire size range (Co, Cu, Fe, K, Zn, Mn).Factor Analysis was performed on aerosol data separately identified as fine and coarse types in order to examine the relationships between the inorganic elements and to identify their origin. Multivariate statistical analysis and assessment of similarity in the size distribution led to similar conclusions on the sources.     

长江重庆段溶解性有机物的荧光特性分析

利用三维荧光光谱(EEMs),并结合平行因子分析(PARAFAC)及主成分分析(PCA),研究了长江重庆段溶解有机物(DOM)的荧光组分特征及其污染来源,并探讨了荧光强度同溶解性有机碳(DOC)及溶解氧(DO)的相关性.结果表明,PARAFAC模型识别出长江重庆段DOM由2类6个荧光组分组成,即类腐殖质荧光组分C1(350/422 nm)、C4(245,305/395 nm)、C5(260,340/420 nm)、C6(260/480 nm)及类蛋白荧光组分C2(275/300 nm)、C3(227,278/329 nm).在DOM来源组成中,陆源的类腐殖质含量占62.56%,类蛋白物质含量占31.31%.类腐殖质组分的荧光强度同DOC的含量存在明显的线性正相关(r=0.73),类蛋白组分的荧光强度同DO的含量呈明显的线性负相关(r=0.80).EEMs-PARAFAC不仅可以表征长江重庆段DOM的光谱特征,示踪长江重庆段的有机污染程度,还可以为三峡库区水体保护提供依据.     

活化粉煤灰的结构和组成研究

用化学分析、x光电子能谱、波谱、热谱和扫描电子显微镜等多种方法综合研究粉煤灰的体相和表面相的化学组成、颗粒形貌、表面价态、键型和表面相变过程等结构特征。发现粉煤灰的内部组成与表面组成明显不同;颗粒以微珠为主;粒度分布接近高斯分布;表面有Si－O－Si键,而无羟基;粉煤灰加热时有吸热和放热过程发生,并伴有失重现象。这些为粉煤灰的表面改性和综合利用提供了科学依据。