干发酵对稻草结构及产沼气的影响

为了防止稻草焚烧产生的环境污染,采用厌氧干发酵方式对稻草进行资源化处理.通过稻草元素的分析、X射线衍射(XRD)及红外光谱(FT-IR)的分析,考察了干发酵及预处理对稻草结构的改变.结果表明,稻草干发酵60d单位挥发固体累积产气量278.1mL/g (0℃),前30d产气占总产气量的90.3%;XRD显示稻草纤维晶体为纤维素Ⅰ型,堆沤预处理和厌氧发酵未改变纤维素的晶型,但略微增加纤维素的结晶度;FT-IR表明:堆沤预处理使聚糖脱聚、纤维素分子键氢键增强和木质素结构部分改变;发酵主要使聚糖脱聚与降解.     

Biodegradation of Crystal Violet by Agrobacterium radiobacter

Agrobacterium radiobacter MTCC 8161 completely decolorized the Crystal Violet with 8 hr (10 mg/L) at static anoxic conditions. The decreased decolorization capability by A. radiobacter was observed, when the Crystal Violet concentration was increased from 10 to 100 mg/L. Semi-synthetic medium containing 1% yeast extract and 0.1% NH4Cl has shown 100% decolorization of Crystal Violet within 5 hr. A complete degradation of Crystal Violet by A. radiobacter was observed up to 7 cycles of repeated addition (10 mg/L). When the effect of increasing inoculum concentration on decolorization of Crystal Violet (100 mg/L) was studied, maximum decolorization was observed with 15% inoculum concentration. A significant increase in the activities of laccase (184%) and aminopyrine N-demethylase (300%) in cells obtained after decolorization indicated the involvement of these enzymes in decolorization process. The intermediates formed during the degradation of Crystal Violet were analyzed by gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy (GC/MS). It was detected the presence of N,N,N′,N′′-tetramethylpararosaniline, [N; N-dimethylaminophenyl] [N-methylaminophenyl] benzophenone, N; N-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde, 4-methyl amino phenol and phenol. We proposed the hypothetical metabolic pathway of Crystal Violet biodegradation by A. radiobacter. Phytotoxicity and microbial toxicity study showed that Crystal Violet biodegradation metabolites were less toxic to bacteria (A. radiobacter, P. aurugenosa and A. vinelandii) contributing to soil fertility and for four kinds of plants (Sorghum bicolor, Vigna radiata, Lens culinaris and Triticum aestivum) which are most sensitive, fast growing and commonly used in Indian agriculture.     

厦门近海表层沉积物结构特征及物源初探

为研究厦门近海海域表层沉积物的结构特征、组成及来源,于2010年7月采集厦门湾表层沉积物,综合粒径分析、X射线衍射、扫描电镜等方法对沉积物进行表征。粒径分析的结果表明,沉积物的主体粒径在80μm附近,且有明显的次粒级峰,并以粗颗粒的主体粒级峰占有优势。研究的沉积物类型主要有三种,砂质粉砂、粉砂质砂和砂-粉砂,其中砂质粉砂是分布最广泛的沉积物类型区域沉积物,其含量达90%以上;而粘土含量以背景点鸡屿岛为最高,达到11.97%。X射线衍射分析表明,沉积物中优势轻矿物为石英、高岭石,部分区域含有石墨及一些零星分布的伊利石、海绿石和斜绿泥石。这些矿物组成显示了厦门湾海域表层沉积物具有较好的亲陆性,同时,其组成也受到了涨潮流的较大影响。沉积物形貌形态的研究发现,厦门湾沉积物组分较为复杂,其中含有多种藻类及其碎片(主要为硅藻)、矿物颗粒(高岭石)及未知名碎片;形状主要有孔状结构、层叠状结构、长条片状和不规则的六边形块状等。     

三峡库区城镇化背景下河流DOM的吸收及荧光光谱特征

研究城镇化对河流溶解性有机质(dissolved organic matter,DOM)组分和化学结构、来源与迁移规律的影响,对水生态系统保护及生物地球化学循环研究具有重要意义.运用紫外-可见吸收光谱和三维荧光光谱技术,研究三峡库区不同城镇化程度的典型河流(桃花溪、南河和普里河)的DOM光谱学特征.结果表明,河流城镇化程度越高,DOM和有色溶解性有机质(chromophoric dissolved organic matter,CDOM)浓度越大,河流DOM的腐殖化程度和芳构化程度越小,疏水性组分越少,DOM中类蛋白物质相对浓度越高,DOM的新近自生源特性越强.河流DOM均以富里酸类为主(E3/E4均值 3. 5),CDOM浓度与DOM浓度显著正相关(P 0. 01),各河流DOM腐殖化程度(SUVA254)、芳构化程度(SUVA280)和疏水组分(SUVA260)极显著正相关(P 0. 01).桃花溪、南河、普里河的荧光指数均值为1. 715 7～1. 757 1,DOM的腐殖质来源均为外源输入和微生物、藻类生产两种方式混合,且以内源产生为主.     

Simulation and source identification of X-ray contrast media in the water cycle of Berlin

This article describes the development of a model to simulate the fate of iodinated X-ray contrast media (XRC) in the water cycle of the German capital, Berlin. It also handles data uncertainties concerning the different amounts and sources of input for XRC via source densities in single districts for the XRC usage by inhabitants, hospitals, and radiologists. As well, different degradation rates for the behavior of the adsorbable organic iodine (AOI) were investigated in single water compartments. The introduced model consists of mass balances and includes, in addition to naturally branched bodies of water, the water distribution network between waterways and wastewater treatment plants, which are coupled to natural surface waters at numerous points. Scenarios were calculated according to the data uncertainties that were statistically evaluated to identify the scenario with the highest agreement among the provided measurement data. The simulation of X-ray contrast media in the water cycle of Berlin showed that medical institutions have to be considered as point sources for congested urban areas due to their high levels of X-ray contrast media emission. The calculations identified hospitals, represented by their capacity (number of hospital beds), as the most relevant point sources, while the inhabitants served as important diffusive sources. Deployed for almost inert substances like contrast media, the model can be used for qualitative statements and, therefore, as a decision-support tool.     

广州市交通主干道空气中苯系物的测量

为了研究广州市道边空气中苯系物的污染状况,利用差分吸收光谱(DOAS)系统于2010年11～12月广州亚运会期间对广州市荔湾区黄沙大道道边空气中的苯系物(苯、甲苯、二甲苯等)及常规污染物NO2、O3等进行了监测.结果表明,在整个测量期间,苯系物在夜间显示了较高的浓度值,苯的平均浓度为15.9μg·m-3、甲苯为61.3μg·m-3、对-二甲苯为6.5μg·m-3、间-二甲苯为16.9μg·m-3、苯酚为0.88μg·m-3.甲苯与苯的平均浓度与国内其他城市的平均水平较为接近,两者的比值变化范围在1.2～6.16.通过比对甲苯与苯的相关性,在整个测量期间内其相关系数为0.86,在浓度值较高时段,其相关系数达到0.985,表明在该区域苯与甲苯存在同源性;以甲苯为例,分析其与CO的相关性,相关系数为0.78,表明交通排放是苯、甲苯的一个主要来源.结合风速风向等气象数据的分析得出气象条件是影响苯系物污染物浓度水平的一个重要因子,并给出了可能的点污染源.     

白洋淀典型水域COD的组成及各组分贡献

化学需氧量（COD）是我国评估有机耗氧污染的关键指标,为探究白洋淀湖心区和沼泽区天然水体COD构成组分,通过物理连续分级和三维荧光等方法揭示水体中的耗氧有机物质主要组成、来源和影响因素.结果表明,白洋淀COD主要由类蛋白质和类腐殖质溶解性有机物质贡献（59%~93%）,无机物（如Cl^-和NO₃^-等）对COD产生的贡献甚微,可忽略不计;上覆水有机物主要受内生植被降解、沉积物释放［TOC释放通量1.55~2.28 mg ·（m² ·d）^-1］等内源［生物源指数（BIX）>0.8］和人为污染、芦苇台田等陆源的共同影响（1.4<荧光指数（FI）<1.9）,沉积物有机质以陆源（芦苇台田）为主.研究水域COD的组分主要受难生化降解有机物质（RDOC）控制,RDOC在天然环境中降解周期较长,重铬酸钾法会在短时间内迅速氧化大部分RDOC,因此高估了水体的有机耗氧污染水平.     

Investigation of methods for estimating hand bone dimensions using X-ray hand anthropometric data

This study examined two conversion methods, M1 and M2, to predict finger/phalange bone lengths based on finger/phalange surface lengths. Forty-one Korean college students (25 males and 16 females) were recruited and their finger/phalange surface lengths, bone lengths and grip strengths were measured using a vernier caliper, an X-ray generator and a double-handle force measurement system, respectively. M1 and M2 were defined as formulas able to estimate finger/phalange bone lengths based on one dimension (i.e., surface hand length) and four finger dimensions (surface finger lengths), respectively. As a result of conversion, the estimation errors by M1 presented mean 1.22?mm, which was smaller than those (1.29?mm) by M2. The bone lengths estimated by M1 (mean r?=?0.81) presented higher correlations with the measured bone lengths than those estimated by M2 (0.79). Thus, the M1 method was recommended in the present study, based on conversion simplicity and accuracy.     

A barrier to metal movement: Synchrotron study of iron plaque on roots of wetland plants

正A wetland with attractive plants hosting birds and other wildlife is an esthetically pleasing prospect that is gaining popularity as a way of stabilizing or remediating metalcontaminated soils and sediment(Weber and Gagnon,2014;