化学发光法和DOAS测定NOx的对比研究

分析了化学发光法和差分吸收光谱法(DOAS)测定环境中氮氧化物的原理及相应分析仪器的系统结构,指出了化学发光法氮氧化物分析仪的技术瓶颈及差分吸收光谱法的难点和关键技术。并对两种方法的优缺点及发展趋势进行分析。实验表明,化学发光法与差分吸收光谱法测定的结果具有很好的相关性。     

进口含锌物料的表征和鉴别

采用X射线荧光光谱(XRF)、X射线衍射光谱(XRD)等分析手段,对4种进口疑似固体废物的含锌物料进行了表征。通过分析含锌物料的主要元素组成、物相组成和常规理化特征,结合外观特征,与含锌矿物、含锌产品及相关文献资料等进行比对,推导出含锌物料的产生来源。然后,参照我国《进口废物管理目录》得出鉴别结论。结果表明:4种含锌物料分别为锌矿、湿法冶炼锌浸出渣、热镀锌灰和固定CO2产物;后3种属于我国目前禁止进口的固体废物。     

Laser cleaning of historical limestone buildings in Bordeaux appraisal using cathodoluminescence and electron paramagnetic resonance

BACKGROUND: Most historical buildings in Bordeaux city are made of limestone. This yellowish-white rock is rather porous and highly sensitive to pollution. As a consequence of local weathering conditions, these buildings present a dark appearance due to the development of a superficial dark grey to black crust. METHODS: For the last decade, a campaign has been underway to clean these buildings. Eleven techniques of surface treatment have been used, including laser beam technology. As a contribution to the study of laser beam effects on stone buildings, two analytical methods have been used on clean versus unclean surfaces: Cathodoluminescence (CL) and Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR), in addition to SEM-EDX and XRD. RESULTS: The black crust is composed of different types of particles: carbon porous micro-particles of industrial origin, atmospheric dust due to the erosion of soils and rocks, alumino-silicate particles from urban pollution; all these particles being cemented by gypsum. DISCUSSION: As far as heritage conservation is concerned, the laser surface treatment not only preserves the original patina of the stone, but also leaves surface smoothness unaltered. CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES: CL and EPR data confirm that lasers--with highly controlled parameters--only get rid of the black crust and, thus, reveal the underneath layer, the so-called patina. This patina shows no luminescence, whereas the limestone on which it has grown shows a bright orange emission of CL. This indicates CL to be a fast and easy way to provide a high quality control for the restoration of polluted ancient stones.     

有机/无机缓蚀剂在模拟混凝土孔隙液中对钢筋缓蚀作用对比研究

目的 检测和评价五种有机/无机缓蚀剂在含3.5％NaCl的模拟混凝土孔隙液(SCP)中对Q235碳钢的缓蚀效果.方法 采用动电位极化曲线和电化学交流阻抗谱(EIS)测试方法 .结果 综合评价后可知,0.0015 mol/L的D-葡萄糖酸钠具有最好的缓蚀效果,浸泡30 d后的Rct可达到282.74×104?·cm2,此...     

气相分子吸收光谱法测定海水中氨氮的干扰因素识别及预处理方法研究

采用气相分子吸收光谱法测定海水样品中的氨氮,重点考察海水中共存离子对氨氮测定结果的影响规律,识别测定过程中主要的干扰因素,并提出消除干扰的预处理方法.研究结果表明,碘离子会对氨氮的测定产生负干扰,当样品中碘离子质量浓度达到0.0765 g/L时,氨氮的测定结果与标准值相比明显降低,且在碘离子质量浓度达到0.1910 g...     

Tracing the impact of stack configuration on interface resistances in reverse electrodialysis by in situ electrochemical impedance spectroscopy

• RED performance and stack resistance were studied by EIS and LSV. • Interface resistance were discriminated from Ohmic resistance by EIS. • Impacts of spacer shadow effect and concentration polarization were analyzed. • Ionic short current reduced the power density for more cell pairs. • The results enabled to predict RED performance with different configurations. Reverse electrodialysis (RED) is an emerging membrane-based technology for the production of renewable energy from mixing waters with different salinities. Herein, the impact of the stack configuration on the Ohmic and non-Ohmic resistances as well as the performance of RED were systematically studied by using in situ electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Three different parameters (membrane type, number of cell pairs and spacer design) were controlled. The Ohmic and non-Ohmic resistances were evaluated for RED stacks equipped with two types of commercial membranes (Type I and Type II) supplied by Fujifilm Manufacturing Europe B.V: Type I Fuji membranes displayed higher Ohmic and non-Ohmic resistances than Type II membranes, which was mainly attributed to the difference in fixed charge density. The output power of the stack was observed to decrease with the increasing number of cell pairs mainly due to the increase in ionic shortcut currents. With the reduction in spacer thickness from 750 to 200 µm, the permselectivity of membranes in the stack decreased from 0.86 to 0.79 whereas the energy efficiency losses increased from 31% to 49%. Overall, the output of the present study provides a basis for understanding the impact of stack design on internal losses during the scaling-up of RED.     

基于傅里叶红外光谱法测定燃煤电厂烟气中SO3与H2SO4

基于傅里叶红外光谱法(FTIR)监测燃煤电厂烟气处理流程中的SO3与H2 SO4.结果表明,布袋除尘进口、出口和烟囱出口的SO3与H2SO4之和(SO3+H2SO4)分别为(29.33±2.30)mg/m3、(25.15±1.63)mg/m3和(12.13±1.26)mg/m3;布袋除尘与湿法脱硫对SO3+H2 SO4...     

海洋大气环境下Q235钢表面氯离子沉积量分布规律研究

目的 研究海洋大气环境下氯离子在Q235钢表面的沉积分布规律。方法 使用便携式X射线荧光光谱仪测试Q235钢在海南岛不同地点大气环境暴露后的表面氯离子沉积，然后采用插值算法绘制氯离子在Q235钢表面沉积分布图和海南岛不同地点氯离子在Q235钢表面平均沉积量分布图，并根据氯离子沉积分布图分析氯离子在Q235钢表面的沉积量分布规律。结果 氯离子在Q235钢表面呈不均匀分布特征。在环境暴露试验前6个月，Q235钢表面氯离子含量逐渐增加；暴露6~12个月，Q235钢表面的氯离子含量总体变化不大。从整个海南岛看，内陆地区氯离子在Q235钢表面的沉积量低，而在沿海环岛区域的沉积量高。在海南岛沿海地区，Q235钢表面氯离子沉积量随季风风向的变化而变化。结论 氯离子在Q235钢表面呈不均匀沉积分布，Q235钢表面氯离子沉积量在海南岛不同地点呈“中间低、两边高”的沉积分布规律，内陆地区沉积量低，而沿海环岛区域沉积量高，并且沿海地区的氯离子沉积易受季风风向的影响。     

气相分子吸收光谱法测定水中氨氮干扰因素的研究

气相分子吸收光谱法测定成分复杂氨氮实际样品时,干扰因素造成测定结果不准确,而现有的标准方法和文献对干扰物质的研究不全面,制约了仪器的应用。该文系统地开展干扰因素的研究,提出干扰因素的消除方法,用加标回收率验证消除的有效性。结果表明,亚硫酸盐、硫化物等还原性物质对测定产生负干扰;石油烃、N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)等挥发性有机物、有机胺类以及亚硝酸盐对测定产生正干扰。根据不同干扰类型,通过加入适量酸性重铬酸钾溶液、在酸性条件下加热煮沸、预蒸馏等方法可消除干扰,消除干扰后加标回收率为84%~120%。生活污水、石化企业废水等6种典型水样消除干扰后,气相分子吸收光谱法和纳氏试剂分光光度法测定氨氮有较好的可比性,干扰消除方式有效。     

Coprecipitation mechanisms of Zn by birnessite formation and its mineralogy under neutral pH conditions

Birnessite (δ-Mn(IV)O₂) is a great manganese (Mn) adsorbent for dissolved divalent metals. In this study, we investigated the coprecipitation mechanism of δ-MnO₂ in the presence of Zn(II) and an oxidizing agent (sodium hypochlorite) under two neutral pH values (6.0 and 7.5). The mineralogical characteristics and Zn–Mn mixed products were compared with simple surface complexation by adsorption modeling and structural analysis. Batch coprecipitation experiments at different Zn/Mn molar ratios showed a Langmuir-type isotherm at pH 6.0, which was similar to the result of adsorption experiments at pH 6.0 and 7.5. X-ray diffraction and X-ray absorption fine structure analysis revealed triple-corner-sharing inner-sphere complexation on the vacant sites was the dominant Zn sorption mechanism on δ-MnO₂ under these experimental conditions. A coprecipitation experiment at pH 6.0 produced some hetaerolite (ZnMn(III)₂O₄) and manganite (γ-Mn(III)OOH), but only at low Zn/Mn molar ratios (< 1). These secondary precipitates disappeared because of crystal dissolution at higher Zn/Mn molar ratios because they were thermodynamically unstable. Woodruffite (ZnMn(IV)₃O₇•2H₂O) was produced in the coprecipitation experiment at pH 7.5 with a high Zn/Mn molar ratio of 5. This resulted in a Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET)-type sorption isotherm, in which formation was explained by transformation of the crystalline structure of δ-MnO₂ to a tunnel structure. Our experiments demonstrate that abiotic coprecipitation reactions can induce Zn–Mn compound formation on the δ-MnO₂ surface, and that the pH is an important controlling factor for the crystalline structures and thermodynamic stabilities.