Individual risk analysis of high-pressure natural gas pipelines

Transmission pipelines carrying natural gas are not typically within secure industrial sites, but are routed across land out of the ownership of the pipeline company. If the natural gas is accidentally released and ignited, the hazard distance associated with these pipelines to people and property is known to range from under 20 m for a smaller pipeline at lower pressure to up to over 300 m for a larger pipeline at higher pressure. Therefore, pipeline operators and regulators must address the associated public safety issues.This paper focuses on a method to explicitly calculate the individual risk of a transmission pipeline carrying natural gas. The method is based on reasonable accident scenarios for route planning related to the pipeline's proximity to the surrounding buildings. The minimum proximity distances between the pipeline and buildings are based on the rupture of the pipeline, with the distances chosen to correspond to a radiation level of approximately 32 kW/m². In the design criteria for steel pipelines for high-pressure gas transmission (IGE/TD/1), the minimum building proximity distances for rural areas are located between individual risk values of 10⁻⁵ and 10⁻⁶. Therefore, the risk from a natural gas transmission pipeline is low compared with risk at the building separated minimum distance from chemical industries.     

城市燃气管道事故应急抢修方案的决策分析

通过对近年来的城市燃气管道事故抢险统计数据的分析与研究,管道事故抢险方案的选择存在着很大的主观性和片面性.为了克服应急抢修方案的种种局限,笔者应用模糊综合评判方法建立了城市燃气管道事故应急抢修方案评价选择模型;考虑可靠性、抢修时间、事故损失、抢险费用、社会影响及政治影响等6类影响因素来评判抢修方案的优劣,可以科学合理地选择最佳的管道事故应急抢修方案,达到经济合理、快速可靠的目的;实例验证,评判模型对城市燃气管道事故抢险具有重要的现实意义和参考价值.     

外力作用下管道内表面缺陷处裂纹扩展研究

为提高油气管道安全风险评估的准确性,以含内表面缺陷管道为研究对象,利用ABAQUS软件线弹性及弹塑性分析不同尺寸缺陷对裂纹萌生特征的影响;采用扩展有限元法,建立管道3点弯曲模型与全尺寸静载物理试验,并非线性拟合裂纹扩展尺寸,研究内表面缺陷处裂纹扩展情况.研究结果表明:内表面缺陷中心处极易萌生裂纹,随着缺陷尺寸的增大,裂...     

钢铁企业大型低位料仓汽车卸料的粉尘控制

某钢企大型低位料仓为汽车卸料,料仓厂房内空高,跨度大,料仓上部贯通,物料落差大,卸料中产生大量粉尘,环境污染问题典型突出。通过对低位料仓汽车卸料产尘特性分析,采取加强生产管理、组织汽车有序卸料、料仓厂房有效密闭、合理设计捕尘方式和布袋除尘系统等措施,能够有效地控制粉尘污染。除尘系统具有投资及运行费用少,除尘效果明显的优点。     

Sustainable supply chains—minerals and sustainable development,going beyond the mine

If the minerals and metals sector is to contribute successfully to sustainable development, it must adopt principles and practices which address the entire life cycle of the materials it creates. This paper examines how the social and environmental sustainability performance of products influences the sustainability agenda of the mining and metals sector. It illustrates how access to markets drives improvements in sustainability. It also considers how the sustainability of metal and non-metal products are using lifecycle approaches and outlines the importance of using appropriate tools for metals.     

Technologically enhanced 210Pb and 210Po in iron and steel industry

Iron and steel manufacture has been ranked as the largest industrial source of environmental contamination in the USA; the wastes generated in their production processes contain heavy elements that can be a source of contamination, and natural radionuclides that can produce an occupational and/or public radiological impact. In this work the potential occupational effective dose rate (μSv/y) due to inhalation in four integrated steel-making factories from Egypt has been evaluated, by assuming a well defined scenario and with basis in the ²¹⁰Pb and ²¹⁰Po activity concentrations determined in ore and wastes collected in the aforementioned factories. Activity concentrations, in Bq/kg, of ²¹⁰Pb and ²¹⁰Po, and leachable Pb and Fe were measured using gamma-ray spectrometry based on HPGe detector, alpha particle spectrometry based on PIPS detector, and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Levels of ²¹⁰Pb and ²¹⁰Po in the range of <DL-4238 and 1-5660 Bq/kg, respectively, were found. According to the assumed scenarios, the occupational exposures by inhalation are much lower than the recommended annual effective dose limit, although the environmental impact due to waste storage and/or use should be considered based on case by case evaluation.     

加氢裂化REAC系统双相不锈钢管道焊缝铁素体含量的讨论

本文介绍了专利商对应用于加氢裂化REAC系统的双相不锈钢S32205焊接接头的要求,简要说明了双相不锈钢的焊接工艺评定;分析了填充金属化学成分、焊接线能量、焊接冷却速度对双相不锈钢焊缝铁素体含量的影响;分析了双相不锈钢焊缝铁素体含量达到专利商要求的能力,以及手工电弧焊焊缝铁素体含量达不到专利商35%~60%要求的原因是焊条化学成分设计的结果;分析了焊缝铁素体含量要求的合理性,介绍了AWS、API、NACE及国家行业标准对于双相不锈钢焊接接头铁素体含量的要求;介绍了现场的焊接工艺,以及使实际焊缝达到使用要求的方法.     

管道泄漏检测技术

管道运输作为一种经济、有效、环保的运输方式,在液体、气体运输中具有独特的优势,管道泄漏检测是管道运输安全运行的关键和重要保障.通过总结国内外管道泄漏检测的最新方法,按运输对象分类介绍了管道运输气体和液体时的检测方法和工作原理,分析其优缺点,提出管道运输泄漏检测的对策,为提高我国管道运输的安全生产管理水平做出有益的探讨.     

Advantages and risks of using steel slag in preparing composts from raw organic waste

It had been reported that iron and manganese oxides in steel slag enhanced the production of humic acid (HA) from low-molecular-weight compounds, such as phenolic acids, amino acids, and saccharides. In the present study, this function of steel slag was applied to the composting of raw organic wastes (ROWs). The degree of humification of HAs is an important factor in evaluating compost quality. Thus, HAs were extracted from the prepared composts and the humification parameters were determined, in terms of elemental compositions, acidic functional group contents, molecular weights, spectroscopic parameters from UV–vis absorption and ¹³C NMR spectra. The timing for adding steel slag affected the degree of humification of HAs in the composts. The weight average molecular weight of a HA when slag was added initially (29 kDa) was significantly higher than when slag was added after elevating the temperature of the compost pile (17–18 kDa). These results show that ROWs are decomposed to low-molecular-weight compounds after the pile temperature is elevated and the presence of slag enhances the polycondensation of these compounds to produce HAs with a higher degree of humification. Because the slag used in the present study contained several-tens ng g^?1 to several μg g^?1 of toxic elements (B, Cu, Cr, and Zn), leaching tests for these elements from the prepared composts were carried out. Levels for leaching boron from composts prepared by adding slag (0.2–0.4 mg L^?1) were obviously higher than the corresponding levels without slag (0.05 mg L^?1).     

用磁选与浮选实现碱洗废液的净化与再用

碱洗是硅钢生产的重要环节。碱洗液随使用时间的延长 ,其中会累积大量杂质 ,造成碱液清洗效率下降而失效。本文使用磁选与浮选联合法去除碱液中的杂质 ,达到了提高碱洗效率并实现碱液的循环再用