刁江底泥砷形态的化学分级法与XANES方法比较

采用XANES(X射线近边分析)方法和化学分级法,研究了刁江污染源区尾砂及刁江底泥的砷形态组成特征. XANES方法结果表明,尾砂中砷的形态主要以毒砂(FeAsS)存在,其相对百分含量为63%~99%;而刁江底泥中的砷形态主要是毒砂、砷酸盐和亚砷酸盐,其中毒砂的比例较高,表现出典型的尾砂污染特征. 化学分级法结果表明,尾砂中砷形态主要是残渣态砷(Res-As),而底泥中的砷主要以铁合态、钙合态及残渣态形式存在. 刁江底泥中毒砂相对百分含量和残渣态砷随着与污染源区距离的增大而减小,砷酸盐和亚砷酸盐则呈相反的趋势. 化学分级法和XANES方法所反映的刁江底泥和污染源的砷形态组成和变化趋势总体上较为一致,但这2种方法所获得的定量数据存在一定的差异.      

同步辐射XRF和XANES研究重金属污染环境中小羽藓体内硫元素的生物指示作用

在实验室将小羽藓(Haplocladium)暴露于不同浓度的铅、铁、铬重金属环境下进行培育,分别应用同步辐射X射线荧光(SRXRF)方法测定小羽藓植株硫元素的含量和X射线吸收近边结构(XANES)分析不同价态的硫所占的相对含量.结果表明,暴露于铅、铁下的小羽藓植株内硫的含量明显增加,铅、铁浓度分别为400 mg/L和200 mg/L时,硫元素含量下降.培养周期为15 d时,小羽藓在100 mg/L铅胁迫下,低价硫由对照组的17.8%升高到23.6%,而同时以硫酸盐形式存在的硫由对照组的56.3%下降到51.2%.在400 mg/L铅胁迫时,低价硫含量增加到24.8%,硫酸盐中的硫所占的比例下降到48.4%.小羽藓植株内的胱氨酸、半胱氨酸、甲硫氨酸和谷胱甘肽中所含低价态硫的总相对含量增加,以硫酸盐态存在的硫相对含量明显下降.研究表明,重金属污染环境导致小羽藓硫吸收同化过程中硫元素含量和价态变化特征具有一定的生物指示作用.     

甘蔗渣修复铬污染土壤的效果

通过室内模拟培养实验,探讨了甘蔗渣修复铬污染土壤的效果、土壤中六价铬初始浓度和甘蔗渣添加量对六价铬还原反应一级动力学的影响、微生物对甘蔗渣修复铬污染土壤效果的影响及甘蔗渣修复铬污染土壤的机理。结果表明,甘蔗渣能有效地降低污染土壤中铬的浸出毒性和去除土壤中的六价铬。当甘蔗渣的添加量为5%,六价铬浓度低于1 740 mg·kg-1时,培养70 d内,土壤样品的浸出液中六价铬未检出,培养90 d内,土壤中六价铬的去除率趋近100%。土壤中六价铬的还原反应速率随六价铬初始浓度的增加而减小,随甘蔗渣添加量的增加而增大。同时,灭菌和未灭菌条件下,甘蔗渣对铬污染土壤的修复效果差异性不显著。甘蔗渣修复铬污染土壤的机理可能是甘蔗渣中的蔗糖和纤维素先降解生成葡萄糖和果糖,接着葡萄糖和果糖将土壤中的六价铬还原成三价铬。     

六价铬抑制淡水蓝绿藻生长的毒性效应

采用化学品毒性藻类测试的标准方法得到Cr(Ⅵ)抑制蛋白核小球藻、聚球藻、极大螺旋藻、钝顶螺旋藻、羊角月牙藻和四尾栅藻生长的96h-EC₅₀分别为4.96、6.50、11.16、11.74、12.43、20.89mg/L;6种蓝绿藻对Cr(Ⅵ)耐受性大小顺序为:四尾栅藻＞羊角月牙藻＞钝顶螺旋藻＞极大螺旋藻＞聚球藻＞蛋白核小球藻.不同藻类对Cr(Ⅵ)的敏感程度可能与细胞大小和形状、细胞壁结构、藻类分泌物以及酶的作用有关.本文运用X射线吸收近边结构(XANES)初步研究了蛋白核小球藻对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸收和转化.     

水泥窑共处置含Cr废物中Cr在不同温度下的形态转化

将Na₂CrO₄加入生料中模拟含Cr入窑物料〔掺加比例为0.048%(以w计)〕,以探索水泥窑共处置含Cr废物过程中Cr的形态转化. 将含Cr入窑物料在不同温度条件下进行煅烧,消解煅烧样品以分析Cr在不同温度下的残留率并利用XANES(X射线吸收近边结构光谱)技术分析煅烧样品中Cr的存在形态. 结果表明:对应900、1000、1100、1200、1300和1450℃煅烧条件下,熟料中Cr的残留率分别为88.2%、70.7%、73.7%、67.2%、69.5%和67.8%. 由于窑尾温度为1050～1100℃,并且Cr的残留率在1100℃较高,因此从窑尾添加含Cr废物可以减少水泥窑共处置含Cr废物过程中的Cr逸放. 在900～1450℃煅烧条件下,所有样品中的Cr主要以CrO₃、Cr₂O₃和CaCrO₄的形式存在. 1000℃煅烧温度下存在K₂Cr₂O₇,但不存在K₂CrO₄;900℃和1100～1300℃煅烧温度下有K₂CrO₄存在,但不存在K₂Cr₂O₇. 1100～1450℃煅烧温度下,Cr元素进入到水泥熟料的主要矿物中,并主要以CrO₃和Cr₂O₃的形式与其他物质结合生成了较为复杂的Ca₄A₁₆O₁₂CrO₄、Ca₆Al₄Cr₂O₁₅等.      

应用X射线吸收近边结构谱研究东北农耕土壤中的氯种态及含量

建立了应用X射线吸收近边结构谱(XANES)测定土壤中氯种态及含量的方法并应用该方法对东北地区3种典型农耕土壤(黑土、沼泽土和暗棕壤)进行了分析.本研究以氯化钠、3-氯丙酸以及氯酚红这3种模型化合物谱图作为标准谱图,采用最小二乘法拟合进行定性分析,用一系列不同浓度氯化钠标准谱在2854.80 eV的绝对荧光强度和氯元素浓度线性关系做定量总氯浓度.方法检出限为2 mg·kg-1,相对标准偏差为0%~5%(n=5),回收率为77%~133%.结果表明,研究区土壤总氯含量均值为19 mg·kg-1,其中有机氯平均相对含量高达61%,是无机氯浓度的1~2倍.不同类型土壤中总氯、无机氯和有机氯含量趋势皆为:沼泽土>暗棕壤>黑土.结果表明,XANES法可以无损、全面地测定真实土壤样品中的氯种态及含量,将为进一步研究氯素的地球化学循环提供一定的基础数据.     

Arsenic release from flooded paddy soils is influenced by speciation, Eh, pH, and iron dissolution

Arsenic (As) is highly mobilized when paddy soil is flooded, causing increased uptake of As by rice. We investigated factors controlling soil-to-solution partitioning of As under anaerobic conditions. Changes in As and iron (Fe) speciation due to flooded incubation of two paddy soils (soils A and B) were investigated by HPLC/ICP-MS and XANES. The flooded incubation resulted in a decrease in Eh, a rise in pH, and an increase in the As(III) fraction in the soil solid phase up to 80% of the total As in the soils. The solution-to-soil ratio of As(III) and As(V) (R_L/S) increased with pH due to the flooded incubation. The R_L/S for As(III) was higher than that for As(V), indicating that As(III) was more readily released from soil to solution than was As(V). Despite the small differences in As concentrations between the two soils, the amount of As dissolved by anaerobic incubation was lower in soil A. With the development of anaerobic conditions, Fe(II) remained in the soil solid phase as the secondary mineral siderite, and a smaller amount of Fe was dissolved from soil A than from soil B. The dissolution of Fe minerals rather than redox reaction of As(V) to As(III) explained the different dissolution amounts of As in the two paddy soils. Anaerobic incubation for 30 d after the incomplete suppression of microbial activity caused a drop in Eh. However, this decline in Eh did not induce the transformation of As(V) to As(III) in either the soil solid or solution phases, and the dissolution of As was limited. Microbial activity was necessary for the reductive reaction of As(V) to As(III) even when Eh reached the condition necessary for the dominance of As(III). Ratios of released As to Fe from the soils were decreased with incubation time during both anaerobic incubation and abiotic dissolution by sodium ascorbate, suggesting that a larger amount of As was associated with an easily soluble fraction of Fe (hydr) oxide in amorphous phase and/or smaller particles.     

Classification of multiple types of organic carbon composition in atmospheric particles by scanning transmission X-ray microscopy analysis

A scanning transmission X-ray microscope at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory is used to measure organic functional group abundance and morphology of atmospheric aerosols. We present a summary of spectra, sizes, and shapes observed in 595 particles that were collected and analyzed between 2000 and 2006. These particles ranged between 0.1 and 12 μm and represent aerosols found in a large range of geographical areas, altitudes, and times. They include samples from seven different field campaigns: PELTI, ACE-ASIA, DYCOMS II, Princeton, MILAGRO (urban), MILAGRO (C-130), and INTEX-B. At least 14 different classes of organic particles show different types of spectroscopic signatures. Different particle types are found within the same region while the same particle types are also found in different geographical domains. Particles chemically resembling black carbon, humic-like aerosols, pine ultisol, and secondary or processed aerosol have been identified from functional group abundance and comparison of spectra with those published in the literature.     

以同步辐射X射线解析Sb(Ⅲ)及Sb(V)在铁氧磁体尖晶石的吸附行为

Sb对环境和人体有严重的危害性,有必要发现一些新型材料,能够快速且高效地去除水体中的Sb并将高毒性的Sb（Ⅲ）有效的氧化成较低毒性的Sb（V）.本研究选取数种尖晶石型铁氧磁体,分别对Sb（Ⅲ）和Sb（V）的吸附性能进行测试,除进行关键影响参数的研究外,更以X射线近边缘结构（XANES）解析Sb（Ⅲ）和Sb（V）吸附在铁氧磁体上的氧化状态及电子结构,以探求Sb在尖晶石型铁氧磁体的关键去除机制.研究结果显示,铁氧磁体可快速、高效地去除溶液中的Sb（Ⅲ）和Sb（V）,相较于Fe3O4,ZnFe2O4具较佳的去除效果,且Sb（Ⅲ）吸附性能普遍优于Sb（V）.与Sb（Ⅲ）、Sb（V）标准样品进行比对后发现,ZnFe2O4在吸附Sb（Ⅲ）后,将Sb（Ⅲ）氧化成的Sb（V）.氧的K边近边缘结构图谱显示,Fe3O4（Sb（Ⅲ））与ZnFe2O4（Sb（Ⅲ））在531.7eV有明显的Sb（Ⅲ）-O特征峰,且ZnFe2O4（Sb（Ⅲ））存在较弱的Sb（Ⅲ）-O特征峰强度,表明ZnFe2O4在吸附了Sb（Ⅲ）之后,成功地将部分的Sb（Ⅲ）氧化成Sb（V）,故Sb（Ⅲ）-O特征峰强度有明显被减弱的趋势,此结果与锑的K-edge近边缘结构图谱结论是一致的,直接证明了ZnFe2O4不仅具备吸附Sb（Ⅲ）和Sb（V）的能力,也具备将Sb（Ⅲ）氧化成Sb（V）之特性.此外,比较Sb、Fe、Zn的EXAFS图谱发现,无论是k-space或R-space均不相似,证明Sb并没有取代Zn或Fe的任何位置,表明在铁氧磁体吸附Sb的过程中,仅发生单纯的物理性吸附,此与动力学实验结果一致.