Visualization of the Malleability of the Rubber Core of Rubber Particles from Parthenium argentatum Gray and Other Rubber-Producing Species Under Extremely Cold Temperatures

Rubber particles from Parthenium argentatum Gray (guayule) were frozen in liquid nitrogen (–196°C), fractured, and visualized using cryo-scanning electron microscopy. We observed that the rubber polymer core of the rubber particles was still malleable at this extremely cold temperature, and the core stretched substantially during separation of the fracture planes. This malleability was observed in situ in tissue sections, as well as in purified rubber particles, and was found to be independent of purification procedure, guayule line, tissue age, or season. The malleability or stretching phenomenon suggests that P. argentatum rubber has some unique properties because rubber particles from Hevea brasiliensis Müll. Arg. and Ficus elastica Roxb. were brittle at this temperature, fractured cleanly, or showed only tiny threads of material pulling out of the core.     

硝酸及氯离子对高温硝酸铵水溶液热危险性的影响研究

国内外学者对硝酸铵的危险性进行了大量的研究,而对其水溶液的危险性至今开展不多。笔者采用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)及全自动反应量热仪(RC1e)对高温状态下的硝酸铵水溶液的热分解危险性、杂质离子对其稳定性的影响进行了研究。纯硝酸铵和90%硝酸铵水溶液的DSC实验表明,90%硝酸铵溶液和分析纯硝酸铵具有相似的热爆炸危险;90%硝酸铵水溶液在140~180℃之间的RC1e试验表明:硝酸或氯离子单独存在时,对硝酸铵分解都有不同程度的抑制作用,而同时存在时则大大降低体系的热稳定性。该结果对保障硝酸铵在生产、使用过程中的安全具有重要的参考价值。     

基于半参数分析的电力需求预测算法

市场经济对电力需求预测提出了更高的要求。在简要介绍和评论以往国内外常用电力需求预测方法优缺点基础上,为了提高电力需求预测的准确度及预测方法的适应性,建立半参数回归模型预测电力需求。半参数回归模型分为线性和非线性两部分。线性部分反映了负荷预测可知的部分规律,非线性部分反映了负荷预测的不确定因素的影响。用偏残差方法估计半参数回归模型,估计结果由两步得到。首先估计线性参数部分,然后再估计非线性参数部分。通过示例计算,半参数回归模型对电力需求预测的估计误差数值小于二元线性回归法对电力需求预测的估计误差。结果表明:利用半参数回归法预测电力需求是一种预测精度高、计算容易、普适性强的算法。     

珠江口淇澳岛海岸带沉积柱重金属分布特征及污染评价

为研究珠江口近30 a来的重金属污染状况,自伶仃洋淇澳岛海岸带采集了1个长108 cm的沉积物柱(ZH1)。分析了这些沉积物样品中12种微量金属的含量及粒度参数。结果表明,沉积柱中的重金属呈现四种垂向分布模式。有机质含量是大部分重金属垂向分布的主要控制因素。采用地累积指数法对沉积柱中各重金属元素污染的垂向变化进行了评价,结果表明,Cr、V、Be、Se、Sn和Tl基本上未受污染,而Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn、Cd和Co均受到了不同程度的污染,推测这些元素的污染与富集可能主要与上世纪80年代初起至今人类活动(工业、农业及生活)对珠江口产生的影响逐渐增加有关。另外,也与研究区位于珠江口西侧的水动力条件有关。     

利用邻苯二甲酸二甲酯培养好氧颗粒污泥研究

以活性污泥为接种污泥,葡萄糖为共代谢基质,通过控制有机负荷、污泥沉降时间,在序批式反应器(sequencing batchreactor,SBR)内培养得到具有邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(dimethyl phthalate,DMP)降解性能的好氧颗粒污泥.结果表明,好氧颗粒污泥对DMP具有很好的去除效果,驯化75 d后,DMP与COD去除率分别达到92.3%与90.6%.好氧颗粒污泥降解DMP的中间产物为邻苯二甲酸单酯(monomethyl phthalate,MMP)和邻苯二甲酸(phthalic acid,PA).动力学研究表明,DMP降解过程符合haldane抑制模型,Vmax为643.2 mg.(g.h)-1,Ks和Ki分别171.0 mg.L-1和337.5 mg.L-1.电镜观察表明,颗粒污泥表面粗糙,微生物相丰富,含有丝状菌、球菌和短杆菌.     

供水管网不同管材内壁微生物分布的显微观察

采用扫描电镜、原子力显微镜以及激光共聚焦显微镜对不锈钢插片表面和供水管网末端PPR管内壁微生物的分布和生物膜结构进行了观察和分析.结果表明,在供水管网中,不锈钢材质表面不利于微生物附着生长,在短时间内(3个月)只有很少的微生物附着.在管网末端PPR管表面有明显的微生物附着生长,细菌容易附着在基底表面的凹穴中,细菌与基底是紧密黏附在一起的.扫描电镜和原子力显微镜结合是观察管壁非连续生长生物膜表面结构的有效手段.采用激光扫描共聚焦显微镜可同时实现管壁生物膜内部和三维结构观察.     

天鹅洲长江故道沉积物柱状样中有机氯农药高分辨率沉积记录

采用GC-ECD测定了天鹅洲长江故道沉积物柱状样中有机氯农药的含量,探讨了有机氯农药的垂直分布特征,结合210Pb同位素定年分析研究该地区有机氯农药的污染历史.研究表明:20种有机氯农药均有检出,总有机氯农药含量范围为1.19～333.67 ng/g(干重),平均值为62.54 ng/g;20世纪60年代末期为该区有机氯农药使用的高峰期,1972年长江截弯取直使来自长江所携颗粒物的污染沉积有所减少,自我国禁用有机氯农药后维持多年较低含量水平,其农药主要为历史残留,至2004年湖区可能仍有部分新的有机氯农药污染物如林丹的输入.     

Morphology of single inhalable particle inside public transit biodiesel fueled bus

In an urban-transit bus,fueled by biodiesel in Toledo,Ohio,single inhalable particle samples in October 2008 were collected and detected by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry(SEM/EDS).Particle size analysis found bimodal distribution at 0.2 and 0.5 μm.The particle morphology was characterized by 14 different shape clusters:square,pentagon,hexagon,heptagon,octagon,nonagon,decagon,agglomerate,sphere,triangle,oblong,strip,line or stick,and unknown,by quantitative order.The square particles were common in the samples.Round and triangle particles are more,and pentagon,hexagon,heptagon,octagon,nonagon,decagon,strip,line or sticks are less.Agglomerate particles were found in abundance.The surface of most particles was coarse with a fractal edge that can provide a suitable chemical reaction bed in the polluted atmospheric environment.The three sorts of surface patterns of squares were smooth,semi-smooth,and coarse.The three sorts of square surface patterns represented the morphological characteristics of single inhalable particles in the air inside the bus in Toledo.The size and shape distribution results were compared to those obtained for a bus using ultra low sulfur diesel.     

泉州湾重金属污染生态地球化学预警

水中的重金属元素易附着于表面积较大的悬浮颗粒物上而进入水底沉积物中,当外界条件改变时,又会重新释放到水体中而形成二次污染。因此,沉积物是水中重金属污染物的集蚋器,是研究湖泊、河口和港湾污染现状和污染历史的最可靠的采样介质。对接受了漂染、制革等工业废水污染源的福建省泉州湾沉积物和沉积柱进行生态地球化学调查取样,用原子荧光法（AFS）和质谱法（ICP—MS）测试了样品中的重金属元素As、Hg、Pb、Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni的含量。并进行了沉积柱^210Pb测年分析。通过数学法和增长趋势线法对海湾沉积物和沉积柱中重金属污染分别进行了生态地球化学预警,结果表明：八种重金属元素除Pb外,其它各重金属元素运用两种预警方法所得的顸警结果基本一致,As、Cr、Cu、Ni、Zn五种重金属含量有逐年增大的趋势,未采20～30年内将会对泉州湾生态环境产生巨大负面影响,在沉积过程中,Hg和Cd的含量基本上不变化或出现了负增长。但也对泉州湾生态环境造成一定的影响。     

Infiltration characteristics of non-aqueous phase liquids in undisturbed loessal soil cores

The widespread contamination of soils and aquifers by non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPL), such as crude oil, poses serious environmental and health hazards globally. Understanding the infiltration characteristics of NAPL in soil is crucial in mitigating or remediating soil contamination. The infiltration characteristics of crude and diesel oils into undisturbed loessal soil cores, collected in polymethyl methacrylate cylindrical columns, were investigated under a constant fluid head (3 cm) of either crude oil or diesel oil. The infiltration rate of both crude and diesel oils decreased exponentially as wetting depth increased with time. Soil core size and bulk density both had significant effects on NAPL infiltration through the undisturbed soil cores; a smaller core size or a greater bulk density could reduce oil penetration to depth. Compacting soil in areas susceptible to oil spills may be an effective stratage to reduce contamination. The infiltration of NAPL into soil cores was spatially anisotropic and heterogeneous, thus recording the data at four points on the soil core is a good stratage to improve the accuracy of experimental results. Our results revealed that crude and diesel oils, rather than their components, have a practical value for remediation of contaminated loessal soils.