基于灰色聚类法的长江经济带中心城市生态安全评价研究

以长江经济带为研究区域,选取长江经济带中心城市武汉市、上海市、重庆市为研究对象,首先运用PSR模型构建具有长江经济带特色的生态安全评价指标体系,包含目标层、准则层、指标层3个层次共31个指标;然后通过主成分分析方法进行权重求解,消除了指标间的影响,使各指标权重更加客观;最后构建基于白化权函数的灰色聚类模型对3个城市2004~2015年的生态安全状态进行评价。评价结果表明:3个城市2004~2015年间生态安全水平总体呈上升趋势,生态安全状态不断好转。     

青岛城市公园3种植物叶表面颗粒物形态特征及叶际细菌群落结构

探究植物叶表面颗粒物及微生物群落的分布特征,对深入了解植物叶片与环境互作机制及城市公园绿植选择具有重要意义。本研究选择青岛市中山公园冬青、女贞和樱花3种植物作为供试树种,利用环境扫描电镜观察植物叶片微观结构,采用16S rRNA高通量测序分析叶际细菌群落多样性与丰富度,通过组间差异对比分析不同季节不同植物的叶际细菌群落差异。结果显示：3种植物叶片对大气颗粒物的滞纳能力为冬青>女贞>樱花,总体趋势表现为灌木>乔木,常绿植物>落叶植物,且受季节变化、植物叶片生长情况与颗粒物累积等因素的影响,叶面颗粒物滞留量表现为春季显著低于其他季节;扫描电镜观察到植物叶片表面存在不同类型的真菌且存在明显季节变化,其中春夏季节植物叶表面存在孢子较多,而秋冬季节主要为丝状真菌,这与青岛秋冬季节出现灰霾天气导致空气气溶胶中真菌含量大相关;高通量测序发现3种植物的叶际微生物群落结构存在明显差异,叶际细菌丰富度为冬青>女贞>樱花,且夏季叶际细菌群落丰富度最低,但相对丰度最高的优势菌门均为Proteobacteria和Cyanobacteria,主要优势菌属为norank＿f＿＿n...     

便携式XRF土壤重金属检测仪在环境应急监测中的应用探讨

系统评估了便携式XRF重金属检测仪的精密度、准确度及测定影响因素,开展了该方法测定土壤中Cu、Zn、As、Pb、Cr与国标分析方法的系统比对。结果表明:上述5种元素的方法检出限为5.7 mg/kg~16.0 mg/kg,土壤标准样品测定6次结果的RSD为1.0%~4.7%,Zn、Pb和As测定结果的相对误差10%;与国标法相比,便携式XRF重金属检测仪测定Cu、Zn、As、Pb的准确度较好,测定Cr的准确度波动较大。将该方法用于应急污染事故监测,可迅速锁定污染物及污染区域,实现野外分析的预判。     

XRF法检测土壤重金属的影响因素

对X射线荧光(XRF)法检测土壤重金属的影响因素进行探讨,研究证实土壤样品厚度、粒径和含水率均会对荧光强度产生影响,且影响程度与X射线的能量有关,对低能量X射线的影响显著大于对高能量X射线的影响。为保障分析的质量,在应用XRF法进行土壤重金属检测时,土壤样品应完全干燥,混合均匀,保持土壤粒径均匀一致,土壤样品厚度统一为10 mm。     

One Hundred Questions of Importance to the Conservation of Global Biological Diversity

Abstract:  We identified 100 scientific questions that, if answered, would have the greatest impact on conservation practice and policy. Representatives from 21 international organizations, regional sections and working groups of the Society for Conservation Biology, and 12 academics, from all continents except Antarctica, compiled 2291 questions of relevance to conservation of biological diversity worldwide. The questions were gathered from 761 individuals through workshops, email requests, and discussions. Voting by email to short-list questions, followed by a 2-day workshop, was used to derive the final list of 100 questions. Most of the final questions were derived through a process of modification and combination as the workshop progressed. The questions are divided into 12 sections: ecosystem functions and services, climate change, technological change, protected areas, ecosystem management and restoration, terrestrial ecosystems, marine ecosystems, freshwater ecosystems, species management, organizational systems and processes, societal context and change, and impacts of conservation interventions. We anticipate that these questions will help identify new directions for researchers and assist funders in directing funds.     

不同生态下云南稻核心种质孕穗期耐冷性状的表型多样性差异

以504份云南地方稻核心种质为材料,在昆明自然低温平均18℃(冷害)和新平27℃(正常)条件下进行孕穗期耐冷性状的表犁多样性生态差异分析.结果表明:(1)在3种生态环境下,云南稻核心种质11个耐冷性状的平均值、标准差、变异系数等参数存在一定差异,总趋势呈现籼稻(Indica)不同环境间这3个特征值差异较粳稻(Japonica)明显;弱耐冷系统群差异较强耐冷系统群明显.(2)不同环境间11个耐冷性状Shannon-weaver遗传多样性指数存在明显差异,体现为正常环境高于冷害环境,粳稻(Japonica)高于籼稻(Indica),强耐冷材料高于弱耐冷材料.这种差异主要由剑叶长、穗颈长、穗下节长、1～2节长、穗长、主穗实粒数和结实率等7个耐冷性状差异所致.     

Sediment analysis to support the recent glacial origin of DDT pollution in Lake Iseo (Northern Italy)

In the present study, a depth-related distribution of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in sediments of Lake Iseo, one of the major southern Alpine Italian lakes, is reported in order to further test the hypothesis of melting Alpine glaciers as a secondary source of contamination. In a previous paper, a “glacier contamination hypothesis” was suggested to explain the unexpected contamination of the biota of Lake Iseo, mainly fed by the Alpine melting ice.The sediment core analyses covered around the last 50 years. The organic matter profile evaluated as a Loss-On-Ignition percentage indicated transition of the basin from an oligotrophic to a mesotrophic status at around the early 1970s, but there was no evidence of the shift to eutrophy in the 1980s. Among DDTs, pp’DDE was the predominant metabolite, accounting on average for 79.4% of the total DDT concentrations and ranging from 6.4 to 447.5 ng g⁻¹ d.w. PCBs ranged from 5.0 to 163.7 ng g⁻¹ d.w. The maximum PCB concentrations were found in sediment layers corresponding to the 1970s when the highest production and use of these compounds occurred in Italy. In contrast, concentrations of DDTs showed a sharp increase from the early 1990s, long after their agricultural use was banned in Italy. This delayed pollution provides support for the hypothesis that the recent retreat of glaciers represents a secondary pollution source for old pesticides that were stored in the ice at the time of their use in agriculture.     

Investigation of the role of biopolymer clusters in MBR membrane fouling using flash freezing and environmental scanning electron microscopy

The technique that employs flash freezing and environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) was utilised for detailed investigation of the fouling materials in a membrane bioreactor (MBR). The method involves the flash freezing of a wet sample in liquid nitrogen for 10 s to preserve its structure for direct ESEM observation with a high image resolution. ESEM images show that the sludge cake formed by simple filtration of the MBR bulk sludge has a highly porous, sponge-like structure with a fairly low resistance. However, the fouling layer attached to the membrane surface contains a thin gel layer under the main body of the sponge-like sludge cake, which is similar to that formed by filtration of a dispersion of biopolymer clusters (BPCs). It is apparent that BPCs tend to accumulate on the membrane surface, and the gel layer is largely responsible for the high filtration resistance of the cake layer on the fouled membranes.     

Evaluation of Poly(ethylene-terephthalate) Products of Chemical Recycling by Differential Scanning Calorimetry

Poly (ethylene-terephthalate), (PET) bottles waste was chemically recycled by glycolysis and hydrolysis. The depolymerization processes were carried out in different time intervals from 5 to 360 min, in two different molar ratios of PET/EG, 1:5 and 1:18 and at different temperatures. The PET glycolysis leads to formation of bis(2-hydroxy-ethyl)terephthalate (BHET) monomer and PET oligomers with hydroxyl and carboxyl end groups while PET hydrolysis is followed by formation of monomers terephthalic acid (TPA) and ethylene glycol (EG). Fractions of monomers and oligomers were further characterized by FTIR spectroscopy and by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results show that DSC is successful method to describe the different structures of oligomers formed during chemical recycling of PET.     

企业动态核心能力培育与提升——基于NK模型企业组织结构创新路径研究

运用NK模型分析了组织结构创新3个子过程及其对组织结构创新的影响,定义了组织结构创新的3个子过程：管理能力培育管理、组织结构特性定位管理和组织规模控制管理。通过问卷调查方式收集了60家企业的数据,运用SPSS15．0对收集到的数据位进行分析,阐述了企业如何在复杂系统的景观图上达到最优点,使企业达到效益最优。