Anthropogenic input of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons into five lakes in Western China

The temporal distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was examined in dated sediments from five lakes in Western China. The surficial concentrations of seven carcinogenic PAHs (BaA, Chyr, BbF, BkF, BaP, DBA and INP, hereafter denoted as PAH₇) were highly site-specific. The ΣPAH₇ concentrations generally increased from the deep layers to surface sediments. The temporal trends of ΣPAH₇ concentrations were clearly different from those reported in developed countries. From 1950s to 1980s, which PAHs started to decrease in developed countries, is the right period that PAHs started to increase rapidly in Western China. The fluxes and mass inventories suggest that the PAH₇ input over the past three decades was much more rapidly than it was before the 1980s. Source identification indicates that the PAHs were primarily from biomass burning and domestic coal combustion, and increasing vehicular and/or industrial coal combustion emission was also found.     

Time trends of perfluorinated compounds from the sediment core of Tokyo Bay, Japan (1950s-2004)

Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) were detected in sediment core samples collected in Tokyo Bay to reveal their time trends. The core sample deposited during 1950s-2004 was divided into two- to three-year intervals and the concentrations of 24 types of PFCs were determined. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) decreased gradually from the early 1990s and its precursor decreased rapidly in the late 1990s, whereas perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) increased rapidly. The observed trends were regarded as a reflection of the shift from perfluorooctyl sulfonyl fluoride (PFOSF)-based products to telomer-based products after the phaseout of PFOSF-based products in 2001. The branched isomers of perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnDA) and perfluorotridecanoic acid (PFTrDA) were detected in the sample with its ratio of linear-isomer/branched-isomer concentrations decreasing. In this study, we revealed that the sediment core can serve as a tool for reconstructing the past pollution trend of PFCs and can provide interesting evidence concerning their environmental dynamics and time trend.     

Impact of climate fluctuations on deposition of DDT and hexachlorocyclohexane in mountain glaciers: Evidence from ice core records

How do climate fluctuations affect DDT and hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) distribution in the global scale? In this study, the interactions between climate variations and depositions of DDT and HCH in ice cores from Mt. Everest (the Tibetan Plateau), Mt. Muztagata (the eastern Pamirs) and the Rocky Mountains were investigated. All data regarding DDT/HCH deposition were obtained from the published results. Concentrations of DDT and HCH in an ice core from Mt. Everest were associated with the El Nino-Southern Oscillation. Concentrations of DDT in an ice core from Mt. Muztagata were significantly correlated with the Siberia High pattern. Concentrations of HCH in an ice core from Snow Dome of the Rocky Mountains responded to the North Atlantic Oscillation. These associations suggested that there are some linkages between climate variations and the global distribution of persistent organic pollutants.     

Characterization of cake layer structure on the microfiltration membrane permeability by iron pre-coagulation

A cake layer is formed by coagulation aggregates under certain transmembrane pressure in the coagulation-microfiltration (MF) process. The characteristics of humic acid aggregates coagulated by different iron-based coagulants, such as charge, size, fractal dimension and compressibility, have an effect on the cake layer structure. At the optimum iron dose of 0.6 to 0.8 mmol/L for ferric chloride (FC) and polymer ferric sulfate (PFS) pre-coagulation, at the point of charge neutralization for near zero zeta potential, the aggregate particles produced possess the greatest size and highest fractal dimension, which contributes to the cake layer being most loose with high porosity and low compressibility. Thus the membrane filterability is better. At a low or high iron dose of FC and PFS, a high negative or positive zeta potential with high charge repulsion results in so many small aggregate particles and low fractal dimension that the cake layer is compact with low porosity and high compressibility. Therefore the membrane fouling is accelerated and MF permeability becomes worse. The variation of cake layer structure as measured by scanning electric microscopy corresponds with the fact that the smaller the coagulation flocs size and fractal dimension are, the lower the porosity and the tighter the cake layer conformation. This also explains the MF membrane flux variation visually and accurately.     

天山与珠峰冰芯草酸根的一致性及其环境意义

冰芯中草酸根记录的研究有助于对过去环境变化的认识.色谱分析表明,天山一号冰川所记录的过去43年草酸根的平均含量为3.6?9.2ng/g (x1s, N=534).草酸根具有一个含量约为2ng/g的背景值,在背景值基础上存在含量的突变峰值,多数峰值的含量超过10ng/g,且其增减过程多局限在1年之内.一号冰川与珠穆朗玛峰远东绒布冰川过去40年的草酸根记录具有相同的变化特征.虽然后者的平均含量是前者的7倍左右,但两冰川的草酸根峰值几乎具有一一对应的关系.这种对应关系表明两地区可能拥有同一个草酸根来源或同一类型的来源,因而具有时间上的同期性.草酸根含量的变化与南亚地区工业和经济发展以及环境保护事业的发展历程相一致,它直接或间接地来自人类生产和生活过程中对大气所造成的污染.     

固定化藻类的生理特征和对染料的脱色能力研究

利用海藻酸钙对蛋白核小球藻进行了固定,比较了固定化藻和悬浮态藻的生长和生理特征,优化了固定条件,利用扫描电子显微镜对藻的形态及其在固定化载体中的分布进行了观察,并对其降解染料能力进行了初步研究.固定化提高了藻的生长和合成代谢活性.选择藻珠粒径为2.5mm,藻初始密度为200×104cell/mL,通入含2%CO2的空气为最佳条件.没通CO2气体的藻在载体中的分裂生长受到限制,藻细胞个体增大,藻在载体中分布不均;通入CO2气体的藻生长和代谢均大大提高,且个体大小恢复正常,藻在载体中分布均匀,对固定化藻降解染料的初步研究表明,固定化藻比悬浮态藻对染料有更佳的降解脱色能力,而通入CO2气体更有利于提高对染料的脱色率.     

近百年来新疆博斯腾湖多环芳烃的组成及变化特征

本研究分析了新疆博斯腾湖沉积岩芯中16种多环芳烃(PAHs)的垂直分布情况,并对其来源和生态风险进行了初步评估.结果表明,沉积岩芯中总PAHs的变化范围为37.5~184.5 ng·g-1,其中主要成分为萘和菲.近百年来,在20世纪50年代前后,沉积物中PAHs以及各主要组份出现明显变化.20世纪50年代以前,总PAHs和各组分变化相对稳定,并以低分子量PAHs组成为主.20世纪50年代后,高分子量PAHs开始出现并呈现波动上升,尤其是20世纪90年代以来,总PAHs及各组分都出现明显增加,至表层达到峰值,表明湖泊流域除了受人类低温燃烧排放影响外,近年来受工业和机动车尾气等高温燃烧释放的PAHs影响也明显增加.但通过风险评估表明,博斯腾湖中PAHs不会造成生态风险.     

常温ANAMMOX工艺运行性能及功能菌研究

通过改变进水基质浓度,对以火山岩为填料的常温上向流厌氧氨氧化生物滤池在不同基质浓度下的脱氮性能进行了研究.借助显微镜、电镜(SEM)观察对滤池内的微生物形态进行了分析,利用变性凝胶电泳(DGGE)和克隆测序等微生物方法,对ANAMMOX种属进行了鉴定.试验结果表明,常温条件下,厌氧氨氧化滤池在高、低不同基质下都能够保持较高的脱氮效果,其中TN去除负荷最高能够达到2.99kgN/(m3×d),NH4+-N和NO2--N最高去除率分别能够达到99.4%和98.8%;显微镜、电镜观察显示:滤池下部的微生物种类更丰富,ANAMMOX菌在滤池的中部和上部的比例更高;16SrRNA克隆测序鉴定结果表明:滤池中的ANAMMOX菌为Candidatus Kuenenia stuttgartiensis,其对温度和基质浓度都有着较宽的适应性.     

Spatial and vertical variations of perfluoroalkyl substances in sediments of the Haihe River, China

The levels of six perfluoroalkyl substances(PFASs) in surface sediment and their vertical variations in dated sediment cores from the Haihe River were investigated; studied substances included perfluorooctanoic acid(PFOA),perfluorononanoic acid(PFNA),perfluorooctane sulfonate(PFOS),perfluorodecanoic acid(PFDA),perfluoroundecanoic acid(PFUnA),and perfluorododecanoic acid(PFDoA). Results showed that the total PFAS concentration in surface sediment ranged between 0.52 and 16.33 ng/g dry weight(dw) with an average of3.47 ng/g dw,with PFOS and PFOA as the dominant PFASs. In general,the PFAS concentrations in the mainstream increased from the upper to the lower reaches,except that a drop occurred downstream of the Erdao dam. Although the PFASs in the sediment cores did not show a clear decreasing or increasing trend with depth,the three cores had a similar vertical variation.The PFAS levels were relatively low in the surface sediment,and reached the first high point at8–20 cm as a result of the wide use of PFASs from 1990 to 2000. After that the PFAS levels decreased,and then increased to a second high point at about 40–48 cm,which might be caused by the leaching of PFASs in sediment. Because PFASs have hydrophilic groups and relatively high solubility,the PFASs will transfer from the upper to lower layers of sediment when water infiltration occurs,leading to the fluctuation of PFAS levels in sediment cores. This study suggests that both the temporal variation of sources and transfer processes of PFASs in sediments are important factors influencing the vertical variation of PFASs in sediment cores.     

厦门同安湾养殖海域有机锡化合物的污染历史及其来源分析

通过对厦门同安湾养殖海域沉积物柱样（柱深180 cm）中6种不同形态有机锡化合物（丁基锡和苯基锡）的GC-FPD定量分析测定,并结合210Pb同位素定年,追溯了该地区近几十年来有机锡污染的沉积历史（1931～2007年）.研究表明,该海域从20世纪50年代（0～80 cm段）开始出现有机锡化合物污染,总有机锡化合物的含...