基于磁场理论的矿岩加载损伤破坏表征研究

充填体与围岩的相互力学作用,除了接触带表壁附近可以通过贴置电阻应变片的方式进行应变值测量外,接触面及接触带附近的损伤破坏情况不易监测。基于此,应用磁场理论,将磁粉加入到配比试样中,充磁之后进行加载试验。通过特斯拉计测量试样表壁在加载过程中的磁感应强度变化,建立由表及里的损伤破坏联系规律。试验结果表明:加了磁粉的配比试样,在加载过程中各监测点处的磁感应强度值变化明显,特别是在内部裂纹扩展至临空面处的磁感应强度几乎减小至0.2 mT以下;而试样在加载过程中,各监测点的磁感应强度值随着压密破坏而变化;在未破坏时,不同区域有较一致的随试样内部压密相应磁感应强度增大的变化规律,而在试样加载破坏后,不同监测点磁感应强度变化起伏较大。     

Characterization of Environmentally Friendly Polymers by Inverse Gas Chromatography: I Amylopectin

Amylopectin, as a potato starch based polymer, with a molecular weight of six million gram/mol was characterized using the Inverse Gas Chromatography Method (IGC). DSC method was also used to measure the glass and melting temperatures. Both DSC and IGC agreed well on a T_g of 105°C and T_m of 160–166°C. Nineteen solutes (solvents) were injected onto a chromatographic column containing amylopectin. These solutes revealed the interaction of alkanes with AP, and the wettability and water intake of AP. Alkanes showed exothermic values of interaction parameters which were increased as the temperature increased and as the number of carbons in the alkane series decreased. Retention diagrams of these solutes in a temperature range of 80–200°C revealed two zones, crystalline and amorphous. T_g and T_m were measured using these zones which complimented the DSC values. The two zones were used to calculate the degree of crystallinity below the melting temperature which ranged from 85% at 104°C to 0% at 161°C. The dispersive component of the surface energy of amylopectin was measured using alkanes which ranged from 25.35 mJ/m² at 80°C to 8.47 mJ/m² at 200°C. This is attributed to the weak crystalline surface of AP at 80°C and when the surface melted at 160°C the surface energy decreased due to the thermal expansion of the surface.     

混酸中甲苯半间歇硝化过程的危险性研究

为了解甲苯在混酸中硝化的危险性,用差示扫描量热法(DSC)测试甲苯、混酸及一硝基甲苯的热分解情况,用反应量热仪(RC1e)研究搅拌速度、温度及硝酸过用率3因素对目的反应的影响。结果表明,混酸分解温度最低,而当目的反应的3因素出现异常,以及反应过程中发生冷却失效时,均可导致硝化反应体系不稳定,此时若不停止加料,并采取措施,易引起混酸的分解,进一步可引起一硝基甲苯的分解,导致严重后果。     

隧道火灾后衬砌材料物理力学性能变化试验研究

通过对衬砌混凝土在不同温度等级下烧损试验，及其随后的电子显微镜扫描观察，分析了组织结构变化情况，并用X射线法对其矿物分进行了分析，研究了四种温度状态下的弹性模量的变化规律。试验结果表明，隧道火灾后衬砌材料随温度的升高，其破坏程度越明显，严重影响了隧道结构受力的性能。     

Drivers’ visual scanning behavior at signalized and unsignalized intersections: A naturalistic driving study in China

Introduction: Intersections are the most dangerous locations in urban traffic. The present study aims to investigate drivers’ visual scanning behavior at signalized and unsignalized intersections. Method: Naturalistic driving data at 318 green phase signalized intersections and 300 unsignalized ones were collected. Drivers’ glance allocations were manually categorized into 10 areas of interest (AOIs), based on which three feature subsets were extracted including glance allocation frequencies, durations and AOI transition probabilities. The extracted features at signalized and unsignalized intersections were compared. Features with statistical significances were integrated to characterize drivers’ scanning patterns using the hierarchical clustering method. Andrews Curve was adopted to visually illustrate the clustering results of high-dimensional data. Results: Results showed that drivers going straight across signalized intersections had more often glances at the left view mirror and longer fixation on the near left area. When turning left, drivers near signalized intersections had more frequent glances at the left view mirror, fixated much longer on the forward and rearview mirror area, and had higher transition probabilities from near left to far left. Compared with drivers’ scanning patterns in left turning maneuver at signalized intersections, drivers with higher situation awareness levels would divide more attention to the forward and right areas than at unsignalized intersections. Conclusions: This study revealed that intersection types made differences on drivers’ scanning behavior. Practical applications: These findings suggest that future applications in advanced driver assistance systems and driver training programs should recommend different scanning strategies to drivers at different types of intersections.     

重庆市都市功能核心区秋季大气污染物时空分布特征

为研究重庆市都市功能核心区大气污染物浓度水平及变化规律,统计分析了2014年9月至2014年11月5个监测站(解放碑、高家花园、杨家坪、新山村和南坪)24 h连续监测PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、SO_2、NO_2、CO和O_3浓度数据.结果表明,观测期间,大气颗粒物污染严重,5个站点PM2.5日均浓度超标率分别为30.8%、37.4%、38.5%、37.4%和31.9%,5个站点PM10日均浓度超标率分别为23.1%、22.0%、18.7%、19.8%和19.8%;重庆市都市功能核心区细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))污染严重,5个站点PM2.5占PM10比例分别为60.2%、64.6%、64.1%、75.4%和62.8%;PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、NO_2和CO早晚出现高峰值;SO_2和O_3浓度日变化曲线呈现单峰型,峰值分别出现在中午和午后;降水量、气温和水汽压与PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、SO_2和NO_2呈显著负相关;相对湿度与O_3呈显著负相关,气温、水汽压和风速与O_3呈显著正相关;CO与相对湿度呈显著正相关;风向也影响着大气污染物浓度的时空分布,南偏西、南偏东和东北偏北风利于PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、SO_2、NO_2和CO浓度积累,西北风利于PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、SO_2、NO_2和CO扩散;但西北风控制下利于O_3浓度积累.     

Estimation of Core Terrestrial Habitat for Stream-Breeding Salamanders and Delineation of Riparian Buffers for Protection of Biodiversity

Abstract:  Many species of wildlife depend on riparian habitats for various life-history functions (e.g., breeding, foraging, overwintering). Although this unique habitat is critical for many species, delineations of riparian zones and buffers for various taxa are lacking. Typically when buffer zones are determined to mitigate edge effects, they are based on criteria that protect aquatic resources alone and do not consider impacts to wildlife and other terrestrial resources. Using two different survey methods (area-constrained daytime searches and nighttime visual encounter searches), we estimated core terrestrial habitat and buffer widths for stream-breeding salamanders in southern Appalachian streams from May to August 2004. A core terrestrial habitat of 27.0 m encompassed 95% of the salamander assemblage (four species of stream plethodontids), and an additional 50 m (to buffer edge effects) yielded a total buffer of 77.0 m. When each species of the assemblage was analyzed separately, the maximum core terrestrial habitat needed for the Blue Ridge two-lined salamander ( Eurycea wilderae ), a dominant member and the farthest-ranging species from the stream, was 42.6 m. Thus, we recommend an overall buffer width of 92.6 m in southern Appalachian streams. To protect stream amphibians and other wildlife dependent on riparian areas, land managers and policy makers must consider conserving more than aquatic resources alone. Developing core terrestrial habitat estimates and buffer zone widths for wildlife populations is a critical first step in the conservation of many semiaquatic organisms and protecting biodiversity.     

Monitoring Long-Term Ecological Changes Through the Ecological Monitoring and Assessment Network: Science-Based and Policy Relevant

Ecological monitoring and its associated research programshave often provided answers to various environmental management issues. In the face of changing environmental conditions, ecological monitoring provides decision-makers with reliable information as they grapple with maintaining a sustainable economy and healthy environment. The EcologicalMonitoring and Assessment Network (EMAN) is a national ecological monitoring network consisting of (1) about 100 casestudy sites across the country characterized by long-term multi-disciplinary environmental work conducted by a multitudeof agencies (142 partners and counting); (2) a variety of lesscomprehensive yet more extensive monitoring sites; (3) a network where core monitoring variables of ecosystem change aremeasured; and (4) geo-referenced environmental observations. Environment Canada is the co-ordinating partner for the network through the EMAN Co-ordinating Office. EMAN's mission is to focus a scientifically-sound, policy-relevant ecosystem monitoring and research network based on (a) stabilizing a network of case-study sites operated by a varietyof partners, and (b) developing a number of cooperative dispersedmonitoring initiatives in order to deliver unique and needed goods and services. These goods and services include: (1) an efficient and cost-effective early warning system which detects,describes and reports on changes in Canadian ecosystems at a national or ecozone scale; and (2) cross-disciplinary and cross-jurisdictional assessments of ecosystem status, trends and processes. The early warning system and assessments of ecosystem status, trends and processes provide Environment Canada and partner organizations with timely information thatfacilitates increasingly adaptive policies and priority setting. Canadians are also informed of changes and trends occurring in Canadian ecosystems and, as a result, are betterable to make decisions related to conservation and sustainability.     

Core concepts of landscape ecology

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