VA菌根真菌对玉米生长及根际土壤微生态环境的影响

用两种不同的VA菌根真菌Glomus mosseae和Glomuscaledonium接种玉米进行盆栽试验。结果表明,两种菌株均能侵染玉米,促进玉米生长．其中以Glomus caledonium的侵染率和作用较为明显。接种后,根区土壤中的细菌、放线菌、固氮菌的数量和微生物生物量明显增加,但真菌的数量则稍有下降。此外．菌根的形成也改善了根区土壤的微生态环境,为下一造作物的生长积累了养分基础。     

泉州湾沉积物柱状样中有机氯农药的垂直分布特征

用GC-ECD内标法测定了泉州湾沉积物柱样中有机氯农药的含量.通过研究有机氯农药在沉积物柱样中的垂直分布特征,探讨了有机氯农药在泉州湾的污染历史.该柱样中HCHs和DDTs的含量分别为(0.00～5.61)×10-9、(1.18～50.65)×10-9.研究表明该区沉积物未受到HCHs的明显污染,但已受到DDTs的轻微污染.有机氯农药的垂直变化基本反映了它在我国及福建的生产使用历史.在近年泉州湾仍有新的DDT输入.     

官厅水库沉积物柱状样中有机氯农药的垂直分布特征

以气相色谱-电子捕获检测器(GC-ECD)内标法定量测定了官厅水库永1008横断面沉积物柱状样品中有机氯农药的含量,以便对自蓄水以来官厅水库沉积物中有机氯农药的历史沉积变化特征和可能的来源进行初步探讨。定量测定结果以HCHs,DDTs和有机氯农药总量(OCPs)计算,样品中w(HCHs),w(DDTs)和w(OCPs)分别为2 0～25 7,0 3～1 9和3 2～28 3ng g;据永1008横断面沉积图推算,官厅水库永1008横断面沉积物中有机氯农药的主要来源是上游地区的农业生产和工业排污,集中在1980—1991年。因此,在未来库区的清淤疏浚工程中,应特别注意不同层次底泥中有机氯农药的再悬浮与释放,以及清淤后底泥的防污处置。      

回用生活污水的电化学消毒试验研究

对北京某中水站回用于杂用水的生活污水进行电化学消毒试验。试验结果表明 ,生活污水经生物接触氧化、活性炭吸附后 ,流经电化学消毒器停留 2 0s、耗电 0 .30kWh/m3 、消毒器出水放置 1h后 ,总大肠菌群数 <3个 /L ,满足生活杂用水的卫生学指标。当余氯浓度及接触时间相等的条件下 ,电化学消毒法的杀菌效果好于加氯消毒。E .coli细胞经电化学消毒和加氯消毒处理后 ,扫描电镜观察的结果表明 :2种方法作用后的细胞在形态上的变化是不相同的 ,说明电化学消毒的消毒机制不仅仅取决于电解产氯的作用 ,还有其他的杀菌作用     

水稻中硅元素的分布及存在状态

利用UV-Vis分光光度计、X线分析显微镜及扫描电子显微镜(Scanning electron microscope,SEM)对水稻不同器官中硅元素的含量、分布及存在状态进行观察和分析,研究水稻中硅酸的化学性质,为水稻硅元素的综合利用提供科学依据.结果表明:水稻以可溶性原硅酸的形式吸收土壤中的硅酸,同样以可溶性原硅酸的形式输送到各器官中.不同的生长期,水稻导管液内的可溶性原硅酸的含量不同,成熟期最高可达到912 mg/L(以SiO2表示).通过比较导管汁液和土壤溶液的硅酸浓度可知,水稻选择性地吸收和浓缩硅酸,最高浓缩率可达85倍.X线分析显微镜观察发现,硅酸普遍存在于水稻各器官中,越是坚硬的部位硅酸分布得越多.SEM图像表明,沉积在水稻各器官中的硅胶体具有一定的形状且不溶于强酸.对水稻干燥组分中硅酸含量的分析结果表明,稻壳中硅酸含量最高,达到13.3%,是生产硅单质及碳化硅材料的最有效的资源之一.     

A 50-year sedimentary record of heavy metals and their chemical speciations in the Shuangtaizi River estuary (China): implications for pollution and biodegradation

Two parallel sediment cores collected from tidal flat located in the Shuangtaizi River estuary were analyzed for heavy metal concentrations and chemical speciations. Based on the ¹³⁷Cs activity profile, mean sedimentation rate at the sampling site during the past 50 years was estimated to be 1.3 cm·a^-1. Correlation analyses show that almost all the metals are associated with each other, suggesting that these metals might be derived from same sources and/or affected by same geochemical processes. Influence of total organic carbon (TOC) content on the concentrations of Cr, Ni, Cu and Cd is evident. Silt and clay contents, instead of sand content, play an important role in the distribution of these metals. The dominant binding phases for most of the metals (except for Cd) are the residual. The relative decrease of the residual fraction of Cd and Pb in the upper 66 cm of the core is striking. The distribution of chemical fraction confirms that the residual fractions of these metals have a natural origin, while only the non-residual fractions of Cd and Pb increased upward the core due to pollution in the past five decades. Pollution assessment on these heavy metals based on Index of Geoaccumulation (I_geo) also demonstrates that most of the metals are unpolluted. The weak pollution as observed in the sediments is perhaps related to a local plant, the Suaeda heteroptera Kitag, which may have played a significant role in the biodegradation of these metals and the metal distribution in the estuary.     

湖泊沉积柱中的高溴联苯醚及其在环境中的降解

采用GC/MS方法分析了5个内陆湖泊(巢湖、滇池、红枫湖、青海湖和四海龙湾)钻孔沉积物中HB-PBDEs(高溴联苯醚,包括九溴和十溴的联苯醚)的垂直分布状况,并对它们的组成特征及其在环境中的降解进行了分析.结果显示,5个内陆湖泊表层沉积物中有机碳归一化后的w(ΣHB-PBDEs)为17.5～977.9 ng/g,其中滇池、红枫湖和巢湖HB-PBDEs的污染相对较为严重;与国内外其他研究相比,我国内陆湖泊沉积物中BDE-209的污染状况相对较轻.沉积物中HB-PBDEs的组成特征显示,BDE-209不但在大气传输过程中发生了明显降解,而且在进入湖泊沉积物后也发生了明显降解.由于BDE-209在不同环境介质中都可发生降解,并且降解产物为毒性更大的低溴代单体,因此进一步研究BDE-209在环境中的降解具有重要意义.      

Adsorption behaviors of activated carbons for the exhaust from spray painting booths in vehicle surface coating

Adsorption performance of activated carbon adsorbers in the downstream duct of vehicle spray painting booths has been studied to understand whether fine paint particles in the off-gas would deteriorate the adsorption capacity of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) on activated carbons. Three forms of activated carbons were selected and their properties were determined using nitrogen adsorption analysis, the measurement of pH value and total ash content, energy dispersion spectrometer, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. Results show that the adsorption capacity of activated carbon strongly depends upon its available specific surface area. When the total uptake on activated carbon approaches saturation, the vapors adsorbed would commence to get displaced by the paint particles gradually as time elapses and finally the uptake of vapors and paint particles reach equilibrium. Microporous carbons, in particular, were much more susceptible to paint particles. A Langmuir-type model for the uptake on activated carbons was suggested, which successfully described the adsorption behaviors of the off-gas released from vehicle spray painting booth.     

Vertical profiles of organochlorine pesticides in sediment core from Nile river and Manzala lake,Egypt

Residue levels of organochlorine pesticides (DDTs, HCHs, HCB and chlordane compounds) were determined in core samples collected from Nile River near by Cairo and Manzala Lake, Egypt in 1994. Regional difference and vertical profiles were discussed in view of historical reconstruction of environmental pollution by these chemicals. On the basis of estimated sedimentation rate (0.5 to 0.7 cm/year) in Manzala Lake, it seems that discharge of DDTs and CHLs into Egyptian environment increased rapidly from early 1960's and the maximum discharge was recorded in 1980's. However, concentration of HCHs increased continuously up to the present in spite of decreasing of DDTs and CHLs after 1980's. It was revealed that vertical profiles of organochlorine pesticides in sediment core from Manzala Lake are useful to estimate a temporal trend of pesticide use in Egypt.     

Heavy Metals in Moss and Bark From Urban Area of Florence: A New Cleaness Procedure for Removing Superficial Particulate Matter

Abstract

Hypnum cupressiforme epiphytic moss and tree bark (elm and holm oak) samples have been collected in three sites of the city of Florence in the period 1995–1998. Lead, zinc, copper, and cadmium were determined by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV) in about 200 samples collected at different heights above ground. A new clean-up procedure by nitrogen jet has been followed and its efficiency has been also verified by electron microscopy (SEM and ESEM techniques). Lead median contents in moss and bark samples fall within the ranges of 0.052–0.86 and 0.20–1.30 μmoles g^?1 (dry weight), resulting values for moss and bark are proportional to the vehicular traffic density. the increasing use of lead-free gasoline has not been followed by a decrease of lead moss concentration.