2019年西安末场雾霾PM2.5生消扩散特征

为了探寻西安雾霾气溶胶典型生消扩散特征,对2019年最后一场雾霾(简称末场雾霾)开展了高分辨WRF-Chem(the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled to Chemistry)模拟,并结合环境监测站监测数据、以及特殊观测数据(西安理工大学气象站、粒谱仪、太阳光度计观测等),对末场雾霾发生发展的气象条件与气溶胶条件进行了综合诊断,研究结果如下:①通过与观测数据对比表明,模式较好地再现了雾霾生命史(发生于12月20—25日,于23日上午发展为重度霾).②四川北部是此次雾霾的发源地,在雾霾形成初期,沿着低矮地势存在一条输送通道(青川县-康县-徽县-两当县-秦岭西部低矮地形与青藏高原东部山脉之间的豁口-宝鸡-西安).③特殊的地形使得西安易于滋养雾霾,而较大尺度的秦岭山脉并不能完全阻挡西安雾霾的形成与扩散.④通过对比2019年首、末两场雾霾,揭示了两场雾霾气溶胶的共性特征:雾霾天气背景下,PM_2.5的组份以有机碳为主(接近或突破40 μg·kg^-1);偏北风是西安雾霾消散的关键因子(底层持续6 m·s^-1以上的平均风速,即可以吹散雾霾),雾霾消散时先从底层开始消散.     

激活我国环保产业发展的内在机制探讨

党的十八大提出了"美丽中国"的新理念,并把生态文明建设放在突出地位,节能环保受到社会各界的广泛关注。但是,目前我国环保产业还存在诸多的问题,突出表现为环保技术创新不足。文章从激活环保产业发展的内在机制的角度出发,分析了企业家精神、科研队伍建设以及资金投入对环保技术创新的影响,并在此基础上提出了相应的对策建议。     

Emergy evaluation of an integrated livestock wastewater treatment system

Wastewater treatment practices should pay more attention to their environmental performances due to their resources consumption and emissions’ impact. While reclaimed water reuse seems to have become a promising practice, is it always feasible in any condition? To address this issue, this study carried out an extended emergy evaluation of a holistic wastewater treatment system. On one hand, this method was extended to include the emissions’ impact. On the other hand, this study integrated a wastewater treatment plant, its excess sludge disposal system and treated water disposal system into an integrated wastewater treatment system (IWTS), so as to evaluate its performances more completely. And then several indicators, including cost per unit pollutant eliminated (CUPE), ratio of positive output (RPO), environmental load ratio (ELR), and sustainability index (SI), were proposed for evaluating the performances of an IWTS. Two scenarios (scenario A: wastewater treatment + sludge landfilling + treated water discharges; scenario B: wastewater treatment + sludge landfilling + reclaimed water reuse) for a livestock wastewater treatment plant in Sichuan Agricultural University located in Ya’an City in Southwest China, as cases, were researched. The results show that scenario B has lower positive output efficiency and greater environmental load than scenario A. Meanwhile, the reclaimed water reuse raises cost per unit pollutant eliminated compared with the treated water being discharged directly; emissions’ impact enhances the environmental load of the two scenarios to different degree; emissions’ impact has decisive effect on the sustainability of the two scenarios. These results mean that the reclaimed water reuse should not be advocated in this case. This study provides some policy implications: (1) wastewater treatment process should be comprehensively evaluated from its resources consumption and impact of emissions; (2) reclaimed water reuse should be carefully evaluated from its pros and cons simultaneously; (3) the local conditions should be considered when implementing reclaimed water reuse, such as local water body conditions, market demands, the related laws and regulations, corporations’ economic conditions, etc.     

Uptake and toxicity of some pesticides on three freshwater fishes (Oreochromis niloticus,Clarias gariepinus and Chrysicthys nigrodigitatus)

Studies were carried out to determine the toxicity of some selected pesticides on fresh water fish in a tropical environment. The uptake of the pesticides lindane, pentachlorophenol (PCP), and propoxur, which are frequently used by farmers and industrialists were studied in concrete ponds at the University of Cape Coast, in Ghana. The fishes used for the study were Oreochromis niloticus, Clarias gariepinus, and Chrysicthys nigrodigitatus, and were obtained from cultured ponds in the Cape Coast District and Mankessim in the Central Region and Weija Dam, in the Greater Accra region of Ghana. Single high lethal concentration (SD) or acute treatment and cumulative/chronic (or multiple minor) lethal concentration (CD) treatment were employed in administering the pesticides to the fishes via water. Gas chromatograph (GC) Electron Capture Detector (ECD) analysis was done on the dead fishes to see the extent of ingestion. The LC₅₀ values obtained for lindane on the three fish samples were as follows: Chrysicthys?–?0.38?mg?L^?1; Oreochromis?–?0.42?mg?L^?1, and Clarias?–?1.2?mg?L^?1. Mortalities occurred in fish within 3–5 days of application. For the PCP on Chrysicthys, Oreochromis, and Clarias species the LC₅₀ values were 0.42, 0.32 and 0.64?mg?L^?1, respectively for over a 2–3 day period. For a three-time influx period of propoxur the LC₅₀ for Chrysicthys, Oreochromis, and Clarias, were 22.0, 30.40, and 45.04 (all in mg?L^?1), respectively. The results obtained indicated that the pesticides had adverse effects on the general growth and reproduction of fishes. Gonadosomatic indices also showed that the pesticides affected the development of the body, the gonads, and their reproduction.     

树脂D001负载纳米Pd/Fe双金属脱溴2,2’,4,4’-四溴联苯醚(BDE-47)的研究

采用大孔树脂D001交换吸附Pd2+、Fe2+并在厌氧条件下以硼氢化钠溶液还原吸附的钯铁离子制备成负载纳米Pd/Fe双金属树脂。利用该树脂对2,2’,4,4’-四溴联苯醚(BDE-47)进行脱溴反应,探讨了该法的可行性和特性。结果表明:当大孔树脂D001、氯化钯、硫酸亚铁用量分别为0.75 g、2μg和0.2 g时所制备的双金属树脂脱溴水-乙醇溶液中的BDE-47效果最佳,反应遵循准一级动力学,速率常数k约为0.161 d-1,半减期为1.21 d。负载Pd/Fe的D001连续3次脱溴反应都有较好的效果,水-乙醇溶液中超过90%以上的BDE-47在反应6 d后被降解。负载Pd/Fe双金属的树脂可以重复活化再生,但再生2次后其脱溴效率变差,反应6 d只有47.3%的BDE-47被降解。用气相色谱-质谱联用仪和离子色谱仪跟踪Pd/Fe双金属树脂脱溴BDE-47反应,可知产物包括溴离子、三溴联苯醚、二溴联苯醚、一溴联苯醚和联苯醚。     

长江三角洲背景地区CO2浓度变化特征研究

通过分析2009年1月~2010年12月临安区域大气本底站在线观测获得的CO2浓度,研究地面风向、地面风速、气团输送等因素对长江三角洲背景地区CO2浓度的影响.结果表明,临安站CO2浓度的日变化分布表现为单峰型形态,下午低、凌晨高,浓度日变幅在9.5′10-6~44.3′10-6 (V/V)之间;季节变化特征表现为冬春季高,夏季低,浓度年较差为10.1′10-6 (V/V).通过分析地面风向、地面风速和气团输送等因素对临安站CO2浓度的影响表明,引起CO2浓度升高的地面风向夏季主要为NW~NNE,冬季主要为NNE~ESE;地面风速越大,CO2浓度越小;气团远距离输送的影响主要取决于气团途径区域的CO2排放情况.     

西安市大气降尘中Cu、Pb、Zn、Ni的化学形态及生物有效性——以燃煤电厂、生活垃圾电厂、产业开发区和建材商业区为例

为了解垃圾焚烧、燃煤发电和相关产业排放对重金属污染水平和生物有效性的影响,利用Tessier提取法和原子吸收光谱仪分析法研究了西安市垃圾发电厂、西郊热电厂、灞生态园、未央工业园、大明宫建材市场和高新区降尘中Cu、Pb、Ni、Zn的化学形态。结果表明:垃圾发电厂Cu(358.3 mg/kg)、Pb(851.3 mg/kg)、Ni(163.5 mg/kg)、Zn(1 226.1 mg/kg)的总量,超过热电厂、生态园、工业园、建材市场和高新区;生活垃圾焚烧、燃煤、石化和机械加工等对降尘中这些元素的贡献超过电子和先进制造业;降尘中Cu、Pb、Zn质量比约是土和道路灰尘平均值的若干倍,表明垃圾焚烧、燃煤和相关产业排放的贡献显著高于表土扬尘、道路扬尘。高新区Cu、Pb的生物有效性系数超过其他区域,表明电子和先进制造业排放的重金属元素具有更大的潜在生态风险。Cu、Pb、Ni(除垃圾焚烧厂外)的生物有效性系数均大于0.2,而Zn的生物有效性系数均小于0.2,说明降尘中Cu、Pb、Ni存在潜在风险,而Zn是安全的。     

千岛湖表层沉积物中多环芳烃污染特征及生态风险评价

利用高效液相色谱法对采集于2012年12月的部分千岛湖表层沉积物中多环芳烃(PAHs)进行了分析.结果表明,千岛湖表层沉积物中共检出属于美国EPA优先控制16种PAHs中的15种,各采样点位PAHs总量的浓度范围在258~906ng/g(干重)之间,平均值为558ng/g,属低污染水平.空间分布特征受周边区域内点源污染和河流输入污染物影响.沉积物中的多环芳烃以高分子量组分为主,通过特征组分比例可确认其主要来源于周边地区煤炭、木材不完全燃烧及车船尾气排放.利用沉积物质量基准法、沉积物质量标准法分别对千岛湖表层沉积物中PAHs的风险评价表明,千岛湖沉积物中不存在严重的多环芳烃生态风险,但部分点位按照质量标准法评价已经超过临界效应浓度值,需加强监测查明污染源,并采取措施控制污染物输入.     

天津市滨海地区综合防灾减灾的策略研究

分析了天津市滨海地区历史自然灾害的历史和特点，预测了该地区未来一段时间和最近1－2年可能发生的主要自然灾害，提出了本区综合防灾减灾的策略和目标，为该区综合防灾减灾规划的制订提供了依据。     

细河水质监测点的优化布设

水质监测点的布设直接影响着是否完整、客观的反映整个水域水质状况。文章采用动态贴近度法,对阜新市细河进行监测点布设。结果表明:已有水质监测点布设不合理;该模型具有放大作用,聚类效果相对明显,优化点具有代表性,可以真实反映细河水质变化动态,同时减少监测工作量。