Nonadditive effects among threats on rare plant species

The current loss of biodiversity has put 50,000 plant species at an elevated risk of extinction worldwide. Conserving at-risk species is often complicated by covariance or nonadditivity among threats, which makes it difficult to determine optimal management strategies. We sought to demographically quantify covariance and nonadditive effects of more threats on more rare plant species than ever attempted in a single analysis. We used 1082 population reports from 186 populations across 3 U.S. states of 27 rare, herbaceous plant species collected over 15 years by citizen scientists. We used a linear mixed-effects model with 4 threats and their interactions as fixed predictors, species as a random predictor, and annual growth rates as the response. We found a significant 3-way interaction on annual growth rates; rare plant population sizes were reduced by 46% during the time immediately after disturbance when populations were also browsed by deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and had high levels of encroachment by woody species. This nonadditive effect should be considered a major threat to the persistence of rare plant species. Our results highlight the need for comprehensive, multithreat assessments to determine optimal conservation actions.     

Ferric-manganese doped sulphated zirconia nanoparticles catalyst for single-step biodiesel production from waste cooking oil: Characterization and optimization

Biodiesel of waste cooking oil origin is gaining attention as a replacement for current fossil fuels, as its low-priced, recycled feedstock shall prevent food source competition, which is estimated to happen with current biodiesel production processes. As a result, waste cooking oil has been claimed to be a highly potential feedstock for biodiesel production. In the present research work, Fe-Mn doped sulphated zirconia catalyst was synthesized and used in simultaneous esterification and transesterification of waste cooking oil to biodiesel synthesis. The catalyst was prepared through the impregnation method and characterized by using XRD, TPD-NH_3, FT-IR, BET, and TEM. Response surface methodology (RSM) in conjunction with the central composite design (CCD) was applied to statistically evaluate and optimize the biodiesel preparation process. It was found that the synthesis of biodiesel achieved an optimum level of 97.2% waste cooking oil methyl ester’s (WCOME’s) yield at the following reaction conditions: methanol/oil molar ratio: 10:1, catalyst concentration: 3.0 wt %, and reaction temperature: 160 °C. The extremely high WCOME’s yield of 97.2% was proved to be due to high acidity, surface area, and large pore diameter; reactants can easily diffuse into the interior pore of the catalyst and allow them to be in contact with active sites that enhance catalytic activity.     

我国排污权交易制度的相关问题探析

随着经济的快速发展,工业生产中排放的废弃物越来越多,由此造成的环境压力也越来越大,随着可持续发展概念的不断提出,排污权交易制度也被逐渐确定下来,该制度在我国的施行不但具有可行性,更加具有必要性。本文对我国当前排污权制度实施的不足之处进行了详细分析,并提出了我国排污权制度未来的完善路径。     

雄安新区土壤氟地球化学特征及健康风险评价

为科学评估雄安新区表层土壤氟(F)地球化学分布特征及人体健康风险,利用GIS空间分析、相关分析等分析土壤F贫化富集特征及影响因素,开展土壤F健康风险评估,基于蒙特卡罗随机模拟,研究健康风险评价结果的不确定性.结果表明,新区表层土壤ω(F)均值为641 mg·kg^-1,是全国A层土壤背景值的1.34倍,F过剩和高等级样点占比超过85%,F含量整体相对偏高.灌溉水样ρ(F^-)均值为0.85 mg·L^-1, F^-含量空间分布特征受浅层地下水水化学类型和流向的影响.土壤F垂向空间变化不显著,其垂向变化主要受土壤有机碳、质地等土壤理化性质的垂向分布影响.表层土壤F的贫化富集主要受地质背景成因控制,人为因素(农业灌溉水、施肥和大气干湿沉降)等外源输入影响其异常的空间分布.区内土壤F含量与地貌环境“标志性”指标Al₂O₃、 Fe₂O₃、 MgO和K₂O含量,土壤有机碳(Corg.)、阳离子交换量(CEC)...     

温度和水分对大兴安岭多年冻土区森林土壤有机碳矿化的影响

温度和水分是影响土壤有机碳矿化的重要因素,而北方高纬度地区对气候变化响应敏感.本文选取大兴安岭多年冻土区落叶松和樟子松两种森林土壤(0～15 cm)为研究对象,通过测定不同温度(5、10和15℃)及水分(设置土壤含水率分别为30%、45%和60%)处理下的土壤有机碳矿化速率,以明确多年冻土区土壤有机碳矿化对不同梯度环境变化及其交互作用的响应.结果表明:研究区土壤累积碳矿化量为0.39～2.29 mg·g~(-1),落叶松林土壤高于樟子松林土壤,且矿化率随着培养时间延长呈先降低后稳定的趋势;土壤有机碳矿化程度随温度升高而显著增加(p0.001),但其对水分的响应因林型而异,落叶松土壤有机碳矿化程度随水分增加而降低,樟子松土壤有机碳矿化程度随水分增加而增加;温度和水分的交互作用对土壤有机碳矿化程度的影响未达到显著水平;土壤有机碳矿化的温度敏感性以土壤含水量为30%的落叶松土壤培养时最低(2.11),以土壤含水量为60%的落叶松土壤培养时最高(2.50),水分和林型对其影响不显著.     

西安市公园土壤多环芳烃污染特征、来源及风险评价

应用高效液相色谱仪测定了西安市17个公园土壤样品中16种优控多环芳烃(PAHs)的含量,并分析了PAHs的组成、污染水平、来源、生态与健康风险.结果表明:样品中ΣPAHs含量在0.362~1.336μg·g~(-1)之间,平均值为0.591μg·g~(-1),其中7种致癌多环芳烃(Σ_7CPAHs)的含量范围为0.051~0.528μg·g~(-1),均值为0.181μg·g~(-1).与国内其它城市表层土壤比较发现西安市公园土壤均受到PAHs污染但程度较轻,PAHs主要由2~3环的低环PAHs构成.源解析结果表明,公园土壤中PAHs主要来自于石油燃烧,个别样点来源比较复杂多样,为石油泄漏、石油燃烧、煤和生物质等不完全燃烧的混合源.效应区间低值(ERL)法和效应区间中值(ERM)法评价结果表明,公园土壤存在PAHs污染,但潜在生态风险性较低.终生癌症风险增量(ILCRs)模型评价结果显示,儿童和成人的健康风险都在可允许的范围内,对儿童的健康威胁高于成人,3种暴露途径中皮肤接触土壤PAHs是导致高风险的最主要暴露途径,ILCRs皮肤接触分别占其3种暴露途径的总风险(CR)的63.98%(成人)和55.49%(儿童);其次是误食土壤PAHs暴露途径,分别占CR的36.02%(成人)和44.51%(儿童).     

非水液相混合有机污染物的过冷液体溶解度间接测量

存在于混合物中的有机污染物是现代生活环境中常见的危害性较高的污染物。有机物过冷液体溶解度不仅是环境科学研究领域的重要概念,也是环境监测、环境质量评价、制定污染治理方案所需要的重要参数。由于过冷液体溶解度无法通过常规的实验方法进行测量,只能借助热力学计算取得。但是已有的热力学参数欠缺、精度不够,很多有机物的过冷液体溶解度或者无法准确计算,或者差异巨大。针对非水液相混合有机污染物中过冷液体溶解度取值问题,本文提出了一种测量过冷液体溶解度的实验方法,即采用批处理实验在不同摩尔分数点取得该点的平衡浓度,根据实验结果将不同摩尔分数点的平衡浓度外推(依线性或者非线性规律)至摩尔分数为一时,得到值为过冷液体溶解度。本文对对几种多环芳香烃进行了实验研究,并将实验结果的与其它方法得到的数值进行比较。结果与已经发表数值吻合,证实该方法的准确性和可靠性。同时也点评了该方法的局限性及应用前景。     

西安市皂河氨氮污染特征分析

通过对比西安市皂河多次水质监测结果,分析了城市小流域水环境中氨氮（NH4-N）的污染特征。结果表明：1）皂河NH4-N平均浓度在空间上的变化为上游和中游高于下游;2）枯水期24h的河流流量与NH4-N浓度负相关;3）洪水统计分析,NH4-N浓度峰均超前于流量峰;4）洪水过程中NH4-N污染物负荷主要以点源污染为主,非点...     

西安市南郊春季降水化学成分特征

2010年3-4月间采集了7次西安南郊降水样品,测定电导率、pH值、主要离子浓度.结果表明,降水pH值的平均值为6.6;电导率平均为110.5 μs/cm,说明降水中水溶性离子浓度高.Ca2+为含茸最丰富的阳离子,平均浓度为15.3 mg/L.由于北方春季沙尘天气频繁,空气中固体颗粒较多,所以降水中Ca2+浓度较高.同...     

川中丘陵地区农村沼气发展现状与对策——以蓬安县为例

农村沼气建设是一项重大的惠民的工程.发展农村沼气,不仅能够推动种养业的发展、促进农村产业结构调整和农民收入的增加,还可以改善农村用能结构、保护生态环境;同时,这一举措也是建设社会主义新农村的必经之路.蓬安县根据当地实际情况,大力发展户用沼气池建设,取得了重大成果.但是在调查中发现,蓬安县在沼气推广过程中还存在着一些亟待...