西北地区生态用水的探讨

我国西北地区多处于干旱气候带，水资源匮乏，生态环境脆弱。为实施西北地区生态恢复与重建，必须合理开发和利用该区有限的水资源，科学地确定社会用水同生态用水的比例，积极保证生态用水，合理利用生态用水，注重生态用水的多重效益。结合西北干旱区实际情况，就这一地区生态用水的开发和利用做了分析阐述。     

Organic aerosol molecular composition and gas–particle partitioning coefficients at a Mediterranean site (Corsica)

Molecular speciation of atmospheric organic matter was investigated during a short summer field campaign performed in a citrus fruit field in northern Corsica(June 2011). Aimedat assessing the performance on the field of newly developed analytical protocols, this work focuses on the molecular composition of both gas and particulate phases and provides an insight into partitioning behavior of the semi-volatile oxygenated fraction. Limonene ozonolysis tracers were specifically searched for, according to gas chromatography–mass spectrometry(GC–MS) data previously recorded for smog chamber experiments. A screening of other oxygenated species present in the field atmosphere was also performed. About sixty polar molecules were positively or tentatively identified in gas and/or particle phases. These molecules comprise a wide range of branched and linear, mono and di-carbonyls(C_3–C7),mono and di-carboxylic acids(C_3–C_18), and compounds bearing up to three functionalities.Among these compounds, some can be specifically attributed to limonene oxidation and others can be related to α- or β-pinene oxidation. This provides an original snapshot of the organic matter composition at a Mediterranean site in summer. Furthermore, for compounds identified and quantified in both gaseous and particulate phases, an experimental gas/particle partitioning coefficient was determined. Several volatile products, which are not expected in the particulate phase assuming thermodynamic equilibrium, were nonetheless present in significant concentrations. Hypotheses are proposed to explain these observations, such as the possible aerosol viscosity that could hinder the theoretical equilibrium to be rapidly reached.     

苏北闵桥地区含油玄武岩中皂石的矿物学特征

作为储油层的沉积岩中蒙皂石矿物学特征报道较多，而作为储油层的火山岩中蒙皂石矿物学特征报道则较少。本文较详细地阐述了苏北闵桥地区含油玄武岩中主要蚀变矿物－皂石的形态、成分及X射线衍射、差热、红外特征，总结了鲍休皂石的形态特征，并对皂石的分布和成因作了探讨。认为加强皂石在油气地质，尤其是火山岩作为储油层中的应用研究十分必要。     

PREDICTING EROSION AND DEPOSITION ON A STRIPMINED AND RECLAIMED AREA1

ABSTRACT A rill-interrill erosion model was applied to a mined and reclaimed area. Soil loss from the interrill areas was estimated by the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE). The model considers the fate and ultimate disposition of the sediment from interrill areas along with the fate and destination of soil materials detached by the rill flow. The net sediment loss was predicted by comparing, for a given flow, the amounts of eroded soil to rill transport capacity. When applied to a selected stripmined and reclaimed site the model displayed the location of contributing areas and the amount of erosion and deposition. The predicted areal distribution of erosion and deposition was compared to measured data. Agreement between the predicted and measured values was within 25 percent.     

Decoupling fragmentation from habitat loss for spiders in patchy agricultural landscapes

Habitat loss reduces species diversity, but the effect of habitat fragmentation on number of species is less clear because fragmentation generally accompanies loss of habitat. We compared four methods that aim to decouple the effects of fragmentation from the effects of habitat loss. Two methods are based on species-area relations, one on Fisher's alpha index of diversity, and one on plots of cumulative number of species detected against cumulative area sampled. We used these methods to analyze the species diversity of spiders in 2, 3.2 × 4 km agricultural landscapes in Southern Judea Lowlands, Israel. Spider diversity increased as fragmentation increased with all four methods, probably not because of the additive within-patch processes, such as edge effect and heterogeneity. The positive relation between fragmentation and species diversity might reflect that most species can disperse through the fields during the wheat-growing season. We suggest that if a given area was designated for the conservation of spiders in Southern Judea Lowlands, Israel, a set of several small patches may maximize species diversity over time.     

城市传统居住街区的火灾事故致因与对策研究

由于传统居住街区的建筑通常为砖木结构 ,且年久失修 ,因此 ,防治火灾是保护城市传统居住街区的重点。笔者结合传统居住街区的特点 ,对其火灾事故致因从防火报警系统、疏散对策、灭火系统、建筑结构、个体素质等方面存在的缺陷进行了分析 ,并按照历史街区的保护原则 ,结合湘潭市中山路传统居住街区改造的案例 ,提出了疏通消防通道、完善基础设施建设、改善消防设施、对保护价值较低的传统居住街区实施拆旧建新、以人为本 ,群策群防等防范对策。     

ORDER CLASSIFICATION OF URBAN CATCHMENTS1

ABSTRACT: Stream order systems provide useful classification methods according to the number of tributaries collected. In urban catchments, sewer line order is a concepot concept providing for the same type of classification. Horton's stream order system is used to classify sewers beginning with the smallest lines as first order to the largest main sewer which is sixth order for two catchments studied. Average tributary area, average length and number of lines are shown as functions of order. The bifurcation ratios are also presented. They can be used for finding the number of sewer lines in the next order. The number of first order lines depend on lot size and the bifurcation ratios vary widely.     

EXTRACTION AND UTILIZATION OF SPACE ACQUIRED PHYSIOGRAPHIC DATA FOR WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT1

ABSTRACT: ERTS-1 satellite imagery has been evaluated as a means of providing useful watershed physiography information. From these data physiographic parameters such as drainage basin area and shape, drainage density, stream length and sinuosity, and the percentage of a watershed occupied by major land use types were obtained in three study areas. The study areas were: (1) Southwestern Wisconsin; (2) Eastern Colorado; and (3) portions of the Middle Atlantic States Using ERTS-1 imagery at 1:250,000 and 1:100,000 scales it was found that drainage basin area and shape and stream sinuosity were comparable (within 10%) in all study areas to physiographic measurements derived from conventional topographic maps at the same scales Land use information can be usefully extracted for watersheds as small as 30 mi²(78 km²) in area. Improved drainage network and density information is obtained from ERTS-1 imagery in dissected areas such as Southwestern Wisconsin, but in heavily vegetated areas (Middle Atlantic States) or areas with little physical relief (Eastern Colorado) low order streams are difficult to detect and the derived drainage densities are significantly smaller than those obtained from standard maps. It is concluded that ERTS-1 imagery can be employed to advantage in mean annual runoff prediction techniques and in providing or maintaining land use information used in the calibration and operation of watershed models.     

Entangling the Complexity of Protected Area Management: The Case of Wolong Biosphere Reserve,Southwestern China

Protected Area (PA) management is a complex issue that requires the consideration of many factors and relationships. A conceptual framework for the analysis of biodiversity change, local human communities, and PA management was put forward, accordingly. Under the framework, we investigated the economic status, livelihood activities, biodiversity use and perceptions of local communities, and the land use history in Wolong Biosphere Reserve, southwestern China through household survey and document review in order to gain a better understanding of the complexity of PA management. According to the land use history, the preservation of agro-biodiversity, and the raising of productivity, ecological rehabilitation and the regulation of the human pressures are indispensable in the management of the reserve. Livelihood activities and the perceptions of local communities were largely determined by the socioeconomic background, which has important implications in solving the conflicts or incompatibilities in the reserve. In Wolong Biosphere Reserve, it is beneficial to support local farmers in solving their socioeconomic problems such as the overabundance of labor force and the lack of livelihood alternatives. Without this, there will be scarcely any effective biodiversity conservation and successful reserve management in the long term.     

贫困地区旅游开发的土地利用--以安徽舒城县百丈岩旅游区为例

通过对贫困地区旅游开发过程中土地利用变化的分析,提出了土地利用变化的驱动力和评价原则,并根据旅游地生命周期理论,对未来土地利用的趋势和方向进行了分析,同时指出在开发旅游时应注意的问题.以安徽省舒城县百丈岩旅游区为例,在分析旅游开发可行性的基础上提出了本区的旅游发展战略,最后分析了旅游开发对土地利用结构变化的影响.