深圳湾沉积物中重金属污染累积过程

通过测定深圳湾沉积物柱样中重金属的含量,分析重金属浓度的剖面分布情况,并结合²¹⁰Pb的测年资料,高分辨率地研究重金属的污染历史,并分析其污染的累积过程结果表明:深圳湾沉积物中重金属的浓度相对较低,但Pb、Cu、Zn等已明显受到人类污染源的影响;近20年深圳经济的快速发展,以及20世纪60～70年代香港经济的崛起时期,对深圳湾沉积物重金属污染累积有显著的贡献.     

琼州海峡和海口湾台风引起的水交换研究

本文用数值计算方法８４１０号台风和９１１１号台风引起琼州海峡的风暴流，以及相应海口湾的风暴流。计算结果表明，８４１０号台风引起琼州海峡自东向西的水量输送为２．１×１０＾１０ｍ３，９１１１号台风引起北部湾向南的水量输送，其输送量为１．３３×１０＾１０ｍ＾３，８４１０号台风在海口湾涨水时引起风暴流流速为３２ｃｍ／ｓ，落水时风暴流流速为２７ｃｍ／ｓ，这次风暴流引起的水量运输可使海口湾污染物浓度降低１５％     

大亚湾澳头海域表层沉积物中甲藻孢囊的垂直分布

于2001年8月采集了大亚湾澳头海域3个采样点约20cm柱状沉积物样品,研究了甲藻孢囊的垂直分布。该海域孢囊种类较丰富,共分析鉴定出20个属的38种孢囊类型。孢囊数量十分高,3个站位上表层12cm沉积物中孢囊的平均数量分别为4 13、2 02、1 14×104/g,最高达1 12×105/g。锥状斯氏藻(Scrippsiellatrochoidea)孢囊是压倒性优势种类,在大部分样品中该孢囊的数量超过了50%,上表层甚至超过了90%。孢囊的H′为0 15～3 51,3个站位平均分别为0 78、1 66、2 72。结果显示大亚湾澳头海域在20世纪80年代开始就受到污染,90年代后污染加重,而近5a来则更加严重。     

粤港澳大湾区吸收性气溶胶的解析

为了解粤港澳（Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao,GHM）大湾区气溶胶污染现状,基于OMAERUV日产品数据,对粤港澳大湾区2008~2019年吸收性气溶胶指数（ultraviolet aerosol index,UVAI）的时空分布、未来趋势变化和潜在源区进行了分析,并对其影响因素进行了探讨.结果表明,GHM大湾区年时间序列上UVAI呈现出下降的趋势,年均下降为2.3%;月时间序列上从春季开始呈现倒"V"形,季节特征春季最高,冬、秋次之,夏季最低;空间上呈现中部区域一直属于高值区,12年年均UVAI高达0.35;UVAI分布在时间序列主要表现为可持续,有82.69%的区域在未来UVAI将呈现下降的趋势;GHM大湾区外部潜在源主要是东部工业产生的碳质源和海洋带来的生物源;UVAI潜在源区春季以碳质源和生物质源为主,夏季以生物质气溶胶源为主,秋季以碳质源占比最大,冬季沙尘性质气溶胶源有所增加;通过相关性分析,气溶胶和PM_2.5之间是相互依附的关系,工业生产活动是大气气溶胶的重要组成部分,降水可以降低大气中因工业生成所产生的气溶胶含量,第二产业活动在气温升高的情况下会加快气溶胶的生成.     

春季敏感时期三峡水库典型支流沉积物-水界面氮释放特性

为研究春季敏感时期三峡水库典型支流沉积物-水界面氮释放特性,于2016年4月采集香溪河库湾上覆水和沉积物样品,分析香溪河库湾沉积物-水系统不同氮形态营养盐浓度的分布特征,计算沉积物-水界面不同氮形态的扩散通量并与环境因子进行相关性分析.结果表明,香溪河库湾上覆水和沉积物间隙水中ρ(TN)的变化范围分别为1.10~6.90 mg·L-1和6.19~32.57 mg·L-1;上覆水和沉积物间隙水中氮质量浓度在沿程和垂向上有一定的变化规律:各采样点上覆水中氮质量浓度在沿程和垂向上没有明显的变化趋势,上游区域的沉积物间隙水中氮质量浓度明显大于下游区域,沉积物间隙水ρ(NH_4~+-N)明显大于上覆水,沉积物间隙水ρ(NO-3-N)略小于上覆水;香溪河沉积物总体上表现为NH_4~+-N的"源",NO-3-N的"汇";NH_4~+-N的扩散通量范围为2.70~4.72 mg·(m2·d)-1;NO-3-N的释放通量范围为-1.61~-0.62 mg·(m2·d)-1;香溪河库湾沉积物氮主要以铵态氮的形态存在:沉积物中ρ(NH_4~+-N)范围为69.97~1 185.97 mg·kg-1,ρ(NO-3-N)范围为2.78~38.17mg·kg-1,沉积物ρ(NH_4~+-N)与沉积物间隙水ρ(NH_4~+-N)在表层0~8 cm的变化趋势一致.     

粤港澳大湾区植被CUE变化及与气候变化的关系

基于MOD17数据,采用趋势分析和相关分析法,研究了2000~2019年粤港澳大湾区植被生产力和植被碳利用率（CUE）变化及其与气候变化的关系.结果表明,粤港澳大湾区总初级生产力（GPP）和净初级生产力（NPP）均值分别为1.80和0.89kg·C/m²,呈中部低四周高的空间格局,CUE均值为0.51,呈中部和东南部略高于四周的空间格局;GPP和NPP总体呈增加趋势,其年际变化率均值分别为0.01和0.001kg·C/（m²·a）,GPP年增长率远高于NPP年增长率,不同植被类型GPP和NPP也呈增加趋势.植被CUE则呈逐年下降趋势,其年际变化率均值为-0.002a^-1,由于气候因子变化对光合作用速率和呼吸作用速率产生的不同程度影响,从未来发展趋势看,68.22%的区域表明CUE仍呈下降趋势,植被碳固定能力减弱;不同植被类型CUE存在差异,其中农田CUE平均值最高,为（0.511±0.014）,森林和草地CUE分别为（0.500±0.019）和（0.501±0.020）,从变化趋势看,不同植被类型CUE呈极显著下降趋势（P < 0.01）;GPP与气温、累积降雨和累积净太阳辐射量总体呈正相关关系,其所占比例分别为94.52%、53.36%和90.58%,NPP与气温、累积降雨和累积净太阳辐射量总体上也表现为正相关关系,其所占比例分别为86.86%、71.10%和85.97%.然而,CUE与气候因子的关系却有所不同.CUE与气温和累积降雨呈正相关关系,但与累积太阳辐射呈负相关关系,不同植被类型GPP、NPP和CUE与气温、累积降雨量呈正相关关系,GPP和NPP与累计净太阳辐射呈正相关关系,但CUE与累积太阳辐射却呈负相关关系.     

三峡水库香溪河库湾春季水华暴发藻类种源研究

2008年2月18日-4月17日,在距离香溪河河口约19 km处设一野外观测站,对观测站附近一定点进行持续监测,并在观测站进行围隔试验,探索香溪河库湾春季水华暴发藻类的种源,揭示水华暴发过程.监测结果表明:香溪河库湾春季硅藻(Diatom)(主要是针杆藻Synedra、星杆藻Asterionella)冰华藻类种源是原地水体,底泥对硅藻水华暴发影响不明显;2008年观测站附近的甲藻(Protoperidinium sp .)种源不是底泥中的孢囊.2008年春季香溪河库湾水华暴发过程可以分为"复苏-增长-衰亡"三个阶段,其中溶解性硅酸盐(D-Si)和光照是水华藻类复苏阶段的主要影响因子,而增长阶段的主要影响因子则是溶解性硅酸盐(D-Si)和总磷(TP),衰亡阶段由于4月8日骤降暴雨,浊度和降雨量是该阶段的主要影响因子.     

莱州湾近岸海域中典型抗生素与抗性细菌分布特征及其内在相关性

为了揭示海陆衔接区环境中抗生素与抗性细菌分布特征及其内在相关性,以莱州湾及其主要入海河流为研究区域,利用HPLC-MS/MS分析样品中15种磺胺类抗生素(SAs)和6种喹诺酮类抗生素(QNs)的浓度,并通过改良的Method 1604(US EPA)评估海水与沉积物中2种典型水传病原微生物大肠杆菌(E.coli)与金黄色葡萄球菌(S.aureus)的抗生素抗性水平,进而探讨该区域水体中抗性菌株的分布特点以及微生物抗性率与相应抗生素浓度的相关性。结果显示,莱州湾水体与沉积物中普遍存在磺胺与喹诺酮类抗生素残留及抗性污染问题。两大类抗生素在水体中平均残留浓度分别为3.89 ng·L~(-1)(SAs)和234.68ng·L~(-1)(QNs),在沉积物中分别为0.91 ng·g~(-1)(SAs)和49.37 ng·g~(-1)(QNs),且分布特征基本呈现自河流向海洋逐渐递减的趋势,说明河流输入是莱州湾抗生素污染的主要来源。在水体中,具有磺胺类抗性的E.coli和S.aureus平均检出量分别达到2 018和4 683 CFU·L~(-1),抗性率范围分别在0%~37.3%和10.6%~45.8%之间;而2种喹诺酮类抗性病原微生物的平均检出量则相对较低,分别为1 315 CFU·L~(-1)(E.coli)和1 461 CFU·L~(-1)(S.aureus),抗性率分别为0%~50.0%和0%~20.8%;此外,相比于E.coli,S.aureus为沉积物中的主要抗性病原微生物,磺胺与喹诺酮类抗性S.aureus检出率均高于80%,平均检出量分别为24CFU·g~(-1)和18 CFU·g~(-1)。相关性分析表明,莱州湾近岸海域水体中磺胺类抗生素浓度与磺胺类抗性微生物总量之间具有良好的线性关系,然而其与微生物抗性率之间并未表现出相似的规律,说明近岸海洋环境中抗生素的残留量不是影响抗性菌株丰度的唯一因素。     

Spatial analysis for spring bloom and nutrient limitation in Xiangxi bay of three Gorges Reservoir

The spatial and temporal dynamics of physical variables, inorganic nutrients and phytoplankton chlorophyll a were investigated in Xiangxi Bay from 23 Feb. to 28 Apr. every six days, including one daily sampling site and one bidaily sampling site. The concentrations of nutrient variables showed ranges of 0.02–3.20 mg/L for dissolved silicate (Si); 0.06–2.40 mg/L for DIN (NH₄N + NO₂N + NO₃N); 0.03–0.56 mg/L for PO₄P and 0.22–193.37 μg/L for chlorophyll a, respectively. The concentration of chlorophyll a and inorganic nutrients were interpolated using GIS techniques. The results indicated that the spring bloom was occurred twice in space during the whole monitoring period (The first one: 26 Feb.–23 Mar.; the second one: 23 Mar.–28 Apr.). The concentration of DIN was always high in the mouth of Xiangxi Bay, and PO₄P was high in the upstream of Xiangxi Bay during the whole bloom period. Si seems no obvious difference in space in the beginning of the spring bloom, but showed high heterogeneity in space and time with the development of spring bloom. By comparing the interpolated maps of chlorophyll a and inorganic variables, obvious consumptions of Si and DIN were found when the bloom status was serious. However, no obvious depletion of PO₄P was found. Spatial regression analysis could explained most variation of Chl-a except at the begin of the first and second bloom. The result indicated that Si was the factor limiting Chl-a in space before achieved the max area of hypertrophic in the first and second bloom period. When Si was obviously exhausted, DIN became the factor limiting the Chl-a in space. Daily and bidaily monitoring of Site A and B, representing for high DIN: PO₄P ratio and low DIN:PO₄P ratio, indicated that the concentration of Si was decreased with times at both site A and B, and the dramatically drop of DIN was found in the end monitoring at site B. Multiple stepwise regression analysis indicated that Si was the most important factor affect the development of spring bloom both at site A and B in time series.     

Computing Atmospheric Nutrient Loads to the Chesapeake Bay Watershed and Tidal Waters

Application of integrated Chesapeake Bay models of the airshed, watershed, and estuary support air and water nitrogen controls in the Chesapeake. The models include an airshed model of the Mid‐Atlantic region which tracks the estimated atmospheric deposition loads of nitrogen to the watershed, tidal Bay, and adjacent coastal ocean. The three integrated models allow tracking of the transport and fate of nitrogen air emissions, including deposition in the Chesapeake watershed, the subsequent uptake, transformation, and transport to Bay tidal waters, and their ultimate influence on Chesapeake water quality. This article describes the development of the airshed model, its application to scenarios supporting the Chesapeake Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL), and key findings from the scenarios. Key findings are that the atmospheric deposition loads are among the largest input loads of nitrogen in the watershed, and that the indirect nitrogen deposition loads to the watershed, which are subsequently delivered to the Bay are larger than the direct loads of atmospheric nitrogen deposition to Chesapeake tidal waters. Atmospheric deposition loads of nitrogen deposited in coastal waters, which are exchanged with the Chesapeake, are also estimated. About half the atmospheric deposition loads of nitrogen originate from outside the Chesapeake watershed. For the first time in a TMDL, the loads of atmospheric nitrogen deposition are an explicit part of the TMDL load reductions.