海南龙沐湾砂质海岸变化与生态环境研究

文章先利用遥感技术进行砂质海岸线提取,确定了砂质海岸线的遥感解译标志和解译方法,完成了龙沐湾砂质海岸线遥感信息解译工作,最后提出将TM影像提取的特大高潮线利用野外海滩测量数据改进到平均大潮高潮位线的新思路.这样利用TM影像提取的岸线可以和地形图的海岸线叠加分析,得到海南龙沐湾1937年近百年以来海岸线变化的特征,为选择哪个岸段进行海岸建设、生态环境修复等提供重要科学依据,也对区域海岸环境保护和防护管理提供一定的基础研究.     

Environmental changes in Jiaozhou Bay of northern China during the past 90 years using metals and biogenic elements in sediments

Metals and biogenic elements were analyzed from surface sediments and a 100 cm core collected from Jiaozhou Bay in July 2009, to determine how the environment has changed over the past 90 years due to increasing anthropogenic influences in this region. High concentrations of biogenic silica (BSi) represented the dominance of diatoms in the bay. Most metals were lower than the marine sediment quality guidelines; however, Hg, Zn, and Mn were at polluted levels. The vertical profiles of biogenic elements and metals in the sediment core suggest that the most significant environmental changes occurred since the 1990s, and three stages could be defined: (1) before 1950, characterized by low concentrations of biogenic elements and metals; (2) between 1950 and 1990, displaying an obvious increase of Hg and a slow increase of biogenic elements; (3) after 1990, reflected by a significant increase of total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphate (TP), and most metals, but a decrease of BSi. Correlation and principal component analyses indicated that most metals originated from lithogenic sources, industrial and domestic discharges as well as maricultural activities.     

柘林湾表层沉积物中有机氯农药的分布特征及生态风险评价

考察了柘林湾11个位点表层沉积物中20种有机氯农药含量分布及污染状况,采用风险商RQ和NOAA的SQG沉积物质量标准评价了沉积物中OCPs的生态风险和各位点的综合生态风险,初步分析了沉积物中HCHs、DDTs的来源以及沉积物中OCPs与沉积物性质参数的相关性.结果表明,柘林湾沉积物中DDTs的含量较高,尤其是p,p'-DDD,沉积物中DDTs含量超出中国海洋沉积物质量标准;沉积物中ΣOCPs的浓度在14.14~306.88 ng·g-1之间,平均值为78.37 ng·g~(-1),其中S8位点的ΣOCPs含量最高.p,p'-DDD、p,p'-DDT在多数研究位点具有必然的不利生物效应和高度生态风险,S8、S10位点处于强影响生态风险状态.柘林湾沉积物中HCHs主要来源于林丹类农药的使用;S1、S2、S10、S11位点均有近期的DDTs输入,其它位点DDTs主要来自早期残留或施用农药长期风化后的沉积物.沉积物中HCHs、硫丹、氯丹、狄氏剂之间存在极显著正相关性,它们与沉积物TOC间存在负相关,TOC的存在促进了生物降解;p,p'-DDD与Ca的明显正相关揭示了早期施用DDT随生物碳酸盐沉积;沉积物中颗粒物逐渐增大不利于OCPs在沉积物中的积累和富集.     

Characterization and seasonal distribution of microplastics in the nearshore sediments of the south-east coast of India,Bay of Bengal

• MPs in the coastal sediment of south-east coast of India are quantified. • High MPs are recorded near river mouths and nearshore regions. • Polyethylene and polypropylene are the major polymers observed. • MPs contamination is higher than the values reported elsewhere. In view of increasing Microplastics (MPs) contamination in the marine environment and dearth of baseline data, a study was conducted on the abundance, characterization, and seasonal distribution of MPs in the nearshore sediments of the south-east coast of India. Sediment samples (n = 130) were collected at a distance of 1 km and 10 km from the shore region at varying depths (8–45 m) along the Chennai to Puducherry coast (165 km stretch), representing two seasons, i.e., south-west (July 2019 and July 2020) and north-east (January 2020) monsoons. The average abundance of MPs at the 22 offshore sites along the Chennai to Puducherry coast varied from 9±4.3 to 19±12.9 particles/50 g dry weight, in July 2019 and January 2020, respectively. July 2020 had an average abundance of 10±4.5 particles/50 g dry weight. Spatially, high levels of MPs were found at 1km stations and transects in proximity to the river inlets, and temporally, the north-east month recorded the maximum concentration. The dominant morphotype was the filament, and the major polymers were polyethylene and polypropylene. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images revealed the surface irregularity and degradation of MPs due to weathering. The study highlights that high sediment contamination by MPs occurs during heavy rainfall and accumulates closer to river inlets. Eventually, this study suggests that appropriate management of plastic wastes on the landside will reduce MP contamination in the marine environment.     

基于“美丽海湾”建设的“三线一单”编制实践--以儋州市环新英湾地区为例

编制“三线一单”(生态保护红线、环境质量底线、资源利用上线和生态环境准入清单)是深入打好污染防治攻坚战的基础。以儋州市为研究对象,衔接“美丽海湾”建设需求,从“三水”(水环境、水生态、水资源)协同角度提出解决儋州市重点海湾环新英湾地区突出生态环境问题的生态分区管控方案,重点讨论了基于陆海统筹原则的环新英湾地区“三线一单”编制重点和特色,提出了针对性的生态环境保护的对策建议,探索了一套符合沿海地区特色的生态环境要素分区管控方案编制方法,为其他沿海城市“三线一单”划定提供借鉴。     

Anthropogenic influence on the water quality in Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Guanabara Bay is a 384-km² coastal bay with 70% of the population of the metropolitan area of Rio de Janeiro located within its drainage basin. The water quality of the Bay is impacted by domestic and industrial runoff, of which only 15% has been adequately treated. However, based on a 14-year monitoring program, the water quality for most of Guanabara Bay remains acceptable because of intense tidal flushing, and we failed to find a worsening of conditions during the 14-year study. The inner shallow regions of the Bay, the western and northwestern parts, receive most of the drainage from metropolitan Rio de Janeiro. It is here that the water quality is alarmingly poor, characterized by hypertrophic conditions and occasional hypoxic events. Fecal coliform counts in these inner reaches of the Bay are 4–100 times higher than the maximum acceptable count for recreational waters. Hypertrophic conditions prevail in Guanabara Bay, which is characterized by low dissolved oxygen, high biochemical oxygen demand, peaks in fecal coliform, and extremely high chlorophyll-a concentrations, which reflect high quantities of nutrients entering the system. These anthropogenic pressures are a threat to planktonic and benthic communities and are reminiscent of San Francisco Bay 30 years ago. The Guanabara Bay water quality could be returned to pre-1950 conditions, but it would require sufficient political will and economic investment to ensure that at least 80–90% of the domestic and industrial sewage were treated adequately. Electronic Publication     

莱州湾水体中有机磷农药的残留监测与风险影响评价

研究近年来莱州湾水体中有机磷农药残留情况及对环境的影响.于2005年5月采集了渤海莱州湾及其主要河口地区的水样,用气相色谱(GC-FPD)测定了样品中有机磷农药的含量,并运用化学污染物风险评价公式进行了风险概率评价.结果表明,莱州湾海域水体中有机磷农药的含量范围在0.2～79.1 ng/L,氧化乐果、甲胺磷、马拉硫磷、敌百虫、敌敌畏、乐果、甲基毒死蜱、甲基对硫磷等在研究海域占主要部分.对研究海域水体中有机磷农药的风险评价表明,莱州湾海域水体中的有机磷农药的含量与其他地区相比,污染水平居中,氧化乐果、甲胺磷、马拉硫磷、敌百虫、敌敌畏、乐果等农药对研究海域的生态环境安全已经构成了一定的威胁,应加强该地区该类农药的施用管理.     

菲律宾蛤仔养殖对胶州湾沉积物-水界面生源要素迁移的影响

通过培养实验测定了菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)DIN和PO34-的排泄率和生物扰动作用对胶州湾沉积物-水界面营养盐交换通量的影响,探讨了菲律宾蛤仔养殖对沉积物-水界面生源要素迁移的影响.研究表明,菲律宾蛤仔能够排泄DIN和PO34-,但其生物扰动能够改变沉积物中生物地球化学过程,减少排泄物中的DIN和PO34-向水体释放.在生物扰动作用下,菲律宾蛤仔排泄的DIN和PO34-中,仅有37%(DIN)和34%(PO34--P)最终释放到水体中.在考虑生物扰动作用的影响后,养殖菲律宾蛤仔每年从水体滤除的生源要素中仅有19%的氮和17%的磷以无机营养盐形态完成再生过程返回到水层中,其余部分以渔获量、生物难于利用形态或埋藏的沉积颗粒形态从水层中清除.菲律宾蛤仔生物扰动条件下沉积物向水层释放Si∶N∶P的速率比约为5∶18∶1,其中Si∶N和Si∶P比远低于菲律宾蛤仔从水体中滤除的颗粒物.因此菲律宾蛤仔养殖能够加速生物硅沉积,加剧胶州湾水体中Si限制.     

竺山湾重金属污染底泥环保疏浚深度的推算

调查了太湖竺山湾表层底泥重金属水平空间分布特征,在重金属污染区域采集底泥柱状样,并将样品由上至下依次分为氧化层(A)、污染层(B)、污染过渡上层(C1)、污染过渡下层(C2)和正常湖泥层(D);测定并分析了各分层底泥中重金属(Cu、Zn、Cr、Ni、As、Cd、Hg、Pb)总量及生物可利用性形态含量随深度的变化趋势;利用潜在生态风险指数法对底泥中的重金属进行生态风险评估;最后,结合拐点法推算出底泥环保疏浚深度.结果表明,竺山湾表层底泥中Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Hg、Pb的含量分别为30.56～216.58、24.07～59.95、16.71～140.30、84.31～193.43、3.39～22.30、0.37～1.59、0.00～0.80和9.67～99.35 mg.kg-1,平均含量分别为79.74、37.74、44.83、122.39、10.39、0.77、0.14和40.08 mg.kg-1,主要分布在太湖西岸及太滆运河、殷村港和环山河入湖河口处,其中Cd污染相对严重;底泥中重金属存在累积效应,其生物可利用性随底泥深度的增大而减小;氧化层和污染层中Cd生态风险等级为高风险,其余各分层底泥中重金属的综合潜在生态风险等级为中低风险;环保疏浚层为氧化层和污染层,疏浚平均深度为0.39 m.     

赤潮对近岸水体生物光学特性的影响

研究了赤潮对近岸水体生物光学特性的影响.从大连湾采集11个站位的水体生物光学数据,分析了赤潮发生时生物要素、反射光谱以及吸收光谱的变化特征.结果表明,大连湾本次赤潮由微微型藻类引起;赤潮对水体遥感反射率的光谱形状影响明显,与正常水体相比,由于高浓度叶绿素a的强吸收作用,导致440、632 nm波段附近出现反射谷,红光波...