土生拉乌尔菌TGRB3的生物学特性及其不同氧气浓度条件下的汞甲基化

从三峡库区消落带土壤中分离、纯化得到1株具有汞甲基化能力的细菌,对其形态、生理生化特征及16S rRNA基因序列进行分析后,鉴定为土生拉乌尔菌,并命名为RaouLtella terrigena TGRB3.研究发现,菌株TGRB3具有强酸碱和盐度适应能力,为中高温型菌,在pH=4～9和盐度0.2%～4.0%范围内均能正常生长,最适生长温度为25℃.在Hg~(2+)浓度为1000μg·L~(-1)时,菌株生长受到显著抑制.此外,在初始Hg~(2+)浓度为300 ng·L~(-1)的条件下探讨了该菌在不同氧气浓度(0、7%、14%和21%)下的生长情况及汞甲化能力.结果表明,该菌的生长不受氧气浓度的制约,但在有氧条件下生长更好,且在厌氧或低氧浓度条件下具有更强且稳定的汞甲基化能力.在氧气浓度为14%和21%的条件下,该菌的最大甲基汞含量分别为(0.54±0.01)和(1.62±0.08) ng·L~(-1),试验后期表现出较强的去甲基化现象,培养54 h后的甲基汞含量显著降低为(0.08±0.02)和(0.05±0.00) ng·L~(-1);而在氧气浓度为0和7%的条件下,最大甲基汞含量分别为(6.75±1.75)和(3.24±0.74) ng·L~(-1),且在试验周期内甲基汞持续产生,平均浓度分别为(3.23±1.39)和(1.66±0.71) ng·L~(-1).本试验结果可望为三峡库区消落带土壤汞生物甲基化机理的深入研究及汞污染风险评价等提供全新的试验材料.     

三峡库区“耕—果”转换时空变化特征及其启示——以草堂溪流域为例

三峡库区坡耕地如何实现功能转型,及其转型过程的作用机制对库区未来的粮食安全、生态安全等问题意义重大。本文利用0.51 m高清遥感影像数据,以草堂溪流域为研究区,结合野外实地考察,通过分析坡耕地向经果林的农地用途转换过程来揭示三峡库区坡耕地功能转型的内在机制。研究表明：（1）草堂溪流域的耕—果转换重心在2012年后,以高程800 m为拐点由西南部低海拔平坝地区向东北部高海拔、坡耕地覆盖地区转移,变化发生点均在坡度 15°~30°范围内;（2）研究区耕—果转换的集聚特征一般发生在8.5 km左右的特征尺度上,且空间分布随时间推移愈发均匀;（3）耕—果转换现象与人为活动关系密切,多发生在河流、道路及农村居民点附近;（4）耕—果转换可在微观与宏观尺度上总结为六种变化模式,受社会经济与自然因素驱动,库区耕—果转换的本质为坡耕地功能转型,且转型重点倾向于经济效益与生态效益的共赢。     

土壤组分对磷形态和磷吸附-解吸的影响——基于三峡库区消落带落干期土壤

通过选择性去除土壤组分的方法,探讨了三峡库区消落带落干期3种典型土壤中有机质、铁氧化物组分对磷形态和磷吸附-解吸的影响.结果发现,三峡库区消落带落干期3种典型土壤去除的有机质以易氧化组分为主,去除有机质后,土壤中各种磷形态的含量变化较小.然而,去除游离铁氧化物后,土壤中各种磷形态的含量均发生明显降低.同时,去除有机质、游离铁氧化物组分后并未改变土壤中各种磷形态的相对大小顺序,均为：钙结合磷（Ca-P） > 有机磷（OP） > 铁/铝结合磷（Fe/Al-P）.此外,黄壤（FJ）、紫色潮土（KX）和灰棕紫泥（FL）去除有机质后对磷的吸附能力较原始土壤仅分别降低0.5%、2.3%、6.5%（P=0.017<0.05,显著性差异）,表明3种土壤中有机质组分对磷吸附的影响较小;而去除游离铁氧化物后对磷的吸附能力分别降低45.6%、51.7%、43.9%（P=0.004<0.05,显著性差异）,表明土壤中游离铁氧化物组分是决定磷吸附大小的重要因素.另外,3种土壤去除游离铁氧化物后较原始土壤吸附磷的解吸能力明显增加,表明游离铁氧化物组分是控制3种土壤吸附磷的解吸的重要因素.FL土壤去除有机质组分后较原始土壤吸附磷的解吸能力略有降低,而KX和FJ土壤去除有机质组分后较原始土壤吸附磷的解吸能力无明显差异,表明有机质组分对土壤吸附磷的解吸的影响与土壤类型有关.     

三峡库区及其下游溶解氧化亚氮(N2O)分布和释放

氧化亚氮(N_2O)是一种重要温室气体,对全球变暖具有重要影响.河流和水库是释放N_2O的活跃区域,但是目前对于温带和亚热带水库及其下游河道释放N_2O的研究相对较少.分别于2009年9～10月和2016年10月对长江三峡水库及其下游干流进行了调查,对库区水体溶解N_2O的浓度分布、释放通量及其影响因素进行了研究,探讨了筑坝和水库运行对长江N_2O分布和释放的可能影响.结果表明秋季三峡库区表层(～0 m)、底层(6～103 m)水体溶解N_2O平均值为(12. 49±1. 75)nmol·L-1和(11. 21±0. 91) nmol·L-1.秋季库区水体N_2O浓度变化较小,和三峡坝下干流站位无显著差异(P 0. 05).三峡库区水体N_2O与氨氮(NH4+)、亚硝态氮(NO2-)呈显著负相关(P 0. 05; P 0. 01),与硝态氮(NO3-)呈正相关(P 0. 01). 2016年和2009年10月三峡水库表层N_2O均处于过饱和状态,饱和度范围分别为114%～187%和122%～170%,库区N_2O平均释放通量分别为(4. 6±2. 4)μmol·(m2·d)-1和(16. 6±4. 9)μmol·(m2·d)-1.两次调查中大坝下游N_2O平均释放通量(6. 0±7. 0)μmol·(m2·d)-1,虽然三峡库区水面释放N_2O通量低于全球水库的平均水平,但是三峡库区仍是大气N_2O不可忽视的源.大坝下泄水和发电未造成库区和大坝下游N_2O浓度出现显著差异.运行多年以来三峡库区已进入平稳期,2009年和2016年秋季N_2O浓度无明显变化.     

三峡水库小江夏初水华暴发特征及原因分析

2013年5月对三峡水库小江回水区的水华发生过程进行了连续的动态监测与分析,以期了解水华过程中浮游植物群落结构的变化情况、小江夏初水华暴发特征及其主要的影响因素。期间共鉴定出浮游植物8门80属136种(含变种),以绿藻类为主(35属48种),蓝藻类(10属31种)和硅藻类(18属30种)次之,水华发生后期浮游植物及其蓝藻类的种类数少于初期和中期。浮游植物群落组成表现为蓝藻-绿藻型,且蓝藻门微囊藻占绝对优势,细胞丰度最高可达90%以上。浮游植物数量最高达10⁷cells/L以上,表层水体大于中层和底层水体。水华过程中,总氮处于重富营养水平,总磷处于轻-中富营养水平,不同水层的流速变化规律不同,其中中层与底层水体理化因子的变化特征基本一致,与表层水体有显著差异。冗余分析结果表明,浮游植物细胞总数与蓝藻数量及其微囊藻数量密切相关,与溶解氧、氮磷比等呈正相关,与总磷、流速等呈负相关,氮磷比及流速是水华发生的主要环境影响因素。     

Ecological Approaches to Urban Migration of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region

Abstract

With the approach of the second water storage of the Three Gorges Project, urban migration has become a great concern. However, being influenced by economical, social or other factors, ecological problems have apparently become pressing. All these problems are exerting great impact upon the speed and quality of new city's or town's construction. By means of ecology, urban ecology, landscape ecology, human settlement science as well as the principle of sustainable development, this paper analyzes the ecological problems in urban migration, and the corresponding approaches in order to promote ecological environment construction of new cities and give an impetus to sustainable development of the whole human settlements in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region.     

Impact on Mountainous Agricultural Development in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area forced by Migrants of the Three Gorges Project

Abstract

The Three Gorges Project attracts worldwide attention because of the Three Gorges migrants, and the agriculture of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area is a foundation for the development of the Three Gorges migrants. The Three Gorges Reservoir Area is situated at the mountainous area with bad agricultural development conditions and relatively low levels of development. As a result, the large-scale migration has special influence on its agricultural development, which has attracted much attention. The paper analyzes influence that the migrants have forced on its agricultural development based on the scientific data, and makes some explorations on the models that are suitable for the development of mountainous agriculture in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area     

三峡库区夏橙发展前景

对三峡库区的地理概貌、气候条件和夏橙的引种栽培情况进行了调查研究,分析了夏橙的生态习性及其对库区生态环境的适应性。调查结果表明,三峡库区是一个很大的夏橙宜林区,这里生产的夏橙产量高,果实品质优。因此,在库区开发适宜夏橙发展的区域有着重要的经济意义。     

Simulated Limnological Effects of the Shasta Lake Temperature Control Device

We estimated the effects of a temperature control device (TCD) on a suite of thermodynamic and limnological attributes for a large storage reservoir, Shasta Lake, in northern California. Shasta Dam was constructed in 1945 with a fixed-elevation penstock. The TCD was installed in 1997 to improve downstream temperatures for endangered salmonids by releasing epilimnetic waters in the winter/spring and hypolimnetic waters in the summer/fall. We calibrated a two-dimensional hydrodynamic reservoir water quality model, CE-QUAL-W2, and applied a structured design-of-experiment simulation procedure to predict the principal limnological effects of the TCD under a variety of environmental scenarios. Calibration goodness-of-fit ranged from good to poor depending on the constituent simulated, with an R ² of 0.9 for water temperature but 0.3 for phytoplankton. Although the chemical and thermal characteristics of the discharge changed markedly, the reservoir's characteristics remained relatively unchanged. Simulations showed the TCD causing an earlier onset and shorter duration of summer stratification, but no dramatic affect on Shasta's nutrient composition. Peak in-reservoir phytoplankton production may begin earlier and be stronger in the fall with the TCD, while outfall phytoplankton concentrations may be much greater in the spring. Many model predictions differed from our a priori expectations that had been shaped by an intensive, but limited-duration, data collection effort. Hydrologic and meteorological variables, most notably reservoir carryover storage at the beginning of the calendar year, influenced model predictions much more strongly than the TCD. Model results indicate that greater control over reservoir limnology and release quality may be gained by carefully managing reservoir volume through the year than with the TCD alone. RID=" ID=" Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. e-mail: John_Bartholow&commat;USGS.gov     

三峡库区古大树种资源及其保护对策

长江三峡工程库区,蕴藏着丰富的古大树种资源,约有5000余株。作者从中挑选了树龄较大者195株作为库区重点保护对象,并提出相应的保护对策措施。