Modeling Hydrology in a Small Rocky Mountain Watershed Serving Large Urban Populations1

Abstract: This article describes the development of a calibrated hydrologic model for the Blue River watershed (867 km²) in Summit County, Colorado. This watershed provides drinking water to over a third of Colorado’s population. However, more research on model calibration and development for small mountain watersheds is needed. This work required integration of subsurface and surface hydrology using GIS data, and included aspects unique to mountain watersheds such as snow hydrology, high ground‐water gradients, and large differences in climate between the headwaters and outlet. Given the importance of this particular watershed as a major urban drinking‐water source, the rapid development occurring in small mountain watersheds, and the importance of Rocky Mountain water in the arid and semiarid West, it is useful to describe calibrated watershed modeling efforts in this watershed. The model used was Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). An accurate model of the hydrologic cycle required incorporation of mountain hydrology‐specific processes. Snowmelt and snow formation parameters, as well as several ground‐water parameters, were the most important calibration factors. Comparison of simulated and observed streamflow hydrographs at two U.S. Geological Survey gaging stations resulted in good fits to average monthly values (0.71 Nash‐Sutcliffe coefficient). With this capability, future assessments of point‐source and nonpoint‐source pollutant transport are possible.     

长江三峡重庆库区城镇化与生态协调性评析

长江三峡成库后，库区生态环境更加脆弱，产业空心化日益突显。随着库区移民投资的逐渐减少，库区城镇化动力已显不足。分析了库区城镇化发展与生态建设间存在的主要问题，以ARCGIS9软件为工作平台，应用多级加权求和综合评价模型进行了城镇化和生态环境的协同度评价，并以评价值为基础将研究区划分为低级——较协调、初级——较失调、中级——失调、准发展——微协调、发展——较协调5个阶段，针对各阶段提出了城镇化和生态的发展调控方向。     

红吉水库诱发地震分析研究

在国内外水库诱震研究成果的基础上,结合红吉水库地震、天然应力场状态、地震活动性和水库运行条件等实际资料,采用概率统计法和模糊评判法,初步判定红吉水库具有小概率的诱发地震危险性,库区附近的北北东向和北北西向断裂是可能的发震位置,最大可能诱发的地震震级为4级.     

官厅水库入库水生物预处理研究

进行了生物滤池系统在低温下对官厅水库入库水生物预处理可行性研究。在水温 1 0℃时水力负荷的提高对氨氮的去除效果影响很小 ,但水温为 5℃ (或低于 5℃ )时水力负荷的提高会导致氨氮的去除效果的明显下降。总体说来 ,生物滤池系统在低温条件下对有机物 (高锰酸盐指数 )仍有良好的去除率     

亭子口库区水温变化对水生态环境的影响

亭子口水库形成以后，将改变嘉陵江苍溪河段的径流分布状况，通过水库的调节作用来满足水利枢纽各用水功能（如灌溉，发电，防洪等）的要求；同时，水库也改变了天然河流水体的热状况，对库区的水生态环境造成影响，本文采用水温一维扩散模型模拟了建库后的水温分布，并就库区水体热状况的改变对水生态环境的影响进行了分析。     

西泉眼水库富营养化状况的研究

通过对西泉眼水库水质进行调查分析可知西泉眼水库的TIL（∑）值在40-60之间，表明水库水质介于中营养与轻度富营养之间。     

大连市英那河水库扩建工程运营后的主要环境问题预测及对策研究

英那河水库扩建工程运营后，大坝加高，出现了水库水体富营养化和水库水温分层现象。本文运用国内外推广使用的数学模型，对水库水温分层及水库富营养化的程度进行了预测，提出了水温分层对下游用水影响对策及控制水库水体富营养化的具体措施。     

大伙房水库上游禽畜业污染现状及其防治对策

为了保护大伙房水库 ,控制水库上游禽畜养殖业污染 ,对禽畜养殖业污染现状进行了调查 ,估算了禽畜粪尿的流失量。结果表明 ,一头猪日排泄粪尿量约是人排粪尿的 5倍。水库上游禽畜养殖业污染负荷已超过水库上游生活污水的污染负荷 ,成为了水库上游地区主要的有机物污染源。对此 ,提出了控制禽畜业污染的对策和建议。     

东白沙河水库蓝藻成因及防治对策

由于垃圾填埋汤污染，用边工业及生活废水中总磷、总氮严重超标等原因导致东白沙河水库水质污染，并于1999年首次暴发蓝藻。应采取关闭垃圾场、严格执法、生物防治等措施加以防治。     

Evaluation of water quality of the Qaraaoun Reservoir,Lebanon: suitability for multipurpose usage

The increased demand on water resources in Lebanon as a resultof: progressive urbanization, socio-economic growth, agriculturalactivities and development of industries is, according to the national authorities, a major critical factor by the year 2010.Political difficulties in earlier years imply a dearth of pertinent data. The objective of this study was to evaluate water quality of the Qaraaoun Reservoir of the Litani River andassess its feasibility for multi-purpose usage as one of the solutions to the aggravated water problems in Lebanon. Sampleswere collected from 18 sampling sites at several dates duringthe dry season. Parameters analysed were, pH, electrical conductivity, TDS, turbidity, alkalinity, Ca, Mg, TH, Cl^-, SO₄ ^2-, NH₃, NO₃ ^-,PO₄ ^3-, Fe, Al, Na, Zn, Cr, Cu and As. The reported data were in compliancewith WHO guidelines, USEPA regulation and EEC directives. Statistical analysis of the data defined three distinct environmental zones and water quality in the central, main zone satisfied most criteria. It is concluded that the reservoir water is fit for multipurpose uses, namely, drinking, domestic,recreational activities, irrigation, fisheries, livestock and industrial, and should be properly managed accordingly.