磨盘山水库周边化肥农药污染状况调查

通过对磨盘山水库周边化肥、农药污染状况的调查和监测得出,每年施用化肥将加快水库的富营养化进程,必须预防其潜在危害。     

辽宁大伙房水库水质富营养化评价

本文在多年实际监测的基础上,采用综合营养状态指数法对辽宁大伙房水库的水质富营养化程度进行了评价,并提出了治理方案。     

基于InVEST模型的三峡库区(重庆段)生境质量时空演变分析

为识别生境质量优劣的具体区域,揭示土地利用变化下生境质量时空演变特征,对集大农村、大库区于一体的三峡库区(重庆段)开展生境质量研究.以2000、2010及2020年土地利用数据为基础,运用InVEST模型对三峡库区(重庆段)2000—2020年生境质量进行定量评价,并结合转移矩阵方法挖掘了生境质量退化的具体区域.结果表...     

丹江口水库新增淹没区农田土壤重金属生态危害评价

为研究丹江口水库新增淹没区农田土壤重金属污染状况,通过野外调查,采集169个土壤样品,分析了土壤中7种重金属(Cr、Cd、Pb、Ni、Zn、Cu、As)的污染特征和空间分布,并采用I_geo(地质累积指数)法对土壤重金属进行生态危害评价. 结果表明:w(Cr)低于河南省土壤环境背景值,w(Cd)、w(Pb)、w(Ni)、w(Cu)、w(As)、w(Zn)均高于河南省土壤环境背景值,其中,w(Cr)比河南省土壤环境背景值低18.90 mg/kg,w(Zn)比河南省土壤环境背景值高11.21 mg/kg,w(Cd)则为河南省土壤环境背景值的16倍. 空间分析表明,河南省淅川县、湖北省丹江口市附近的库区以及河南省九重镇、盛湾镇库周的土壤重金属质量分数较高,而其余区域较低;I_geo法评价结果表明,Cd是丹江口水库新增淹没区主要的污染元素,Cr、Pb、Ni、Zn、Cu、As则处于无污染水平.      

Ecological compensation based on willingness to accept for conservation of drinking water sources

Ecological compensation is a powerful environmental economic tool for environmental protection in areas where drinking water sources are located. We established an ecological compensation accounting system based on respondents’ willingness to accept (WTA). In this system, stakeholder preferences and the factors that influence them can be gauged effectively using logit and tobit models. We applied this accounting system to ecological compensation for the Miyun Reservoir, Beijing, China. The average WTA value for Miyun Reservoir residents was approximately 1186 CNY per family in 2012, which could be set as a suitable compensation standard, since it is slightly higher than the local protection cost. Thus, the annual total ecological compensation could be 58.73 million CNY. Distance from the reservoir, job types, and attitude to environmental protection were variables with significant effects on WTA. In addition, trends for individual preferences were identified via an analysis of key influential factors. The results suggest some useful information for establishing ecological compensation mechanisms for conservation of drinking water sources. Suggestions include popularizing the concept and meaning of ecological compensation among residents, setting different compensation levels based on distance from the reservoir, considering the requirements of farmers, and taking various in-kind and out-of-kind compensation approaches.     

生物浮岛对三峡库区典型支流库湾水质和浮游藻类的影响

在三峡库区香溪河的支流高岚河库湾修建生物浮岛,研究生物浮岛对三峡库区典型支流库湾水质和浮游藻类的影响.结果表明,高岚河水质处于中营养型-轻度富营养型水平.8月藻类大量生长期间,浮岛区水体Chl-a、DO和CODMn含量低于对照区,NH4+-N含量高于对照区.浮岛植物对TN负荷的去除效果由高到低依次为美人蕉(Canna indica)、风车草(Cyperus alternifolius)、菖蒲(Pontederia cordata)和梭鱼草(Acorus calamus),对TP负荷的去除效果由高到低依次为美人蕉、风车草、梭鱼草和菖蒲.在浮岛区和对照区共发现藻类7门31属,4月以绿藻和硅藻为主,8月以蓝藻为主.浮岛区和对照区藻类种群结构无明显差异,但4和8月浮岛区藻类生物量明显低于对照区.     

三峡水库运行对洞庭湖北部地区水资源开发利用的影响

依据实测原型水文序列,在辨析三峡水库运行与四水流域水利工程运行对江湖水文关系演变特征影响的基础上,重点剖析了三峡水库运行对洞庭湖北部地区水资源开发利用的影响。结果表明:①在江湖水文关系演变过程中,三峡水库运行对洞庭湖水情演变的影响要大于四水水利工程运行的影响;②洞庭湖区水资源比三峡水库运行前(1951—2002年)类似来水情景下减少了185.60×10⁸ m³;③三峡水库蓄水调度运行期,枯水年、丰水年9月15日至10月31日荆南三口入湖平均径流依次减少67.99×10⁸、23.14×10⁸ m³,补水运行期枯水年、丰水年1—3月三口入湖平均径流依次减少4.93×10⁸、11.51×10⁸ m³;④三峡水库运行对洞庭湖区水资源开发利用影响的地区是澧县、安乡县、沅江市、南县、华容县等县市,影响时间为每年10—12月或1—3月,影响的后果是因季节性和工程性缺水造成该区平均每年经济损失约57 359×10⁴元。     

三峡水库洪水调度对香溪河藻类群落结构的影响

以三峡大坝汛期洪水调度为契机,于2013年7月在香溪河开展原位监测,研究了洪水调度对藻类群落结构的影响.结果显示:在洪水调度期间香溪河水位变动范围是145.63~148.36m,河流中上游平均流速变化幅度小于河口平均流速变化幅度,中上游与河口的平均流速存在显著差异(P<0.05).调度前香溪河的藻类优势类群为蓝藻与硅藻,蓝藻所占比例高于硅藻,调度结束后,中上游水域硅藻占优势,河口区域蓝藻所占比例升高.香溪河水环境特征与藻类群落结构在洪水调度期间发生了显著改变,Shannon-Weaver指数趋于下降.研究结果表明:三峡大坝拦蓄洪水的过程显著改变了香溪河水环境条件,洪水顶托作用首先改变了支流的水文水动力学特征和水质状况,随后藻类群落快速变化响应了这种改变.洪水调度所营造的动态水位使得靠近大坝的支流生境受到强烈冲击和破坏,导致了藻类种类和生物量的变化;由此可见,水库的动态水位可改变支流的藻类群落结构,有助于抑制和延缓支流水华的发生.     

Modeling agricultural non-point source pollution in a high-precipitation coastal area of China

Non-point source （NPS） pollution simulation in the high-precipitation coastal areas of China is difficult because varying annual typhoon incidence leads to highly contrasting rainfall patterns in dry years and wet years. An IMPULSE （Integrated Model of Non-point Sources Pollution Processes） based NPS model of the Changtan Reservoir watershed, which is a typical high-precipitation coastal area in China, was established based on the analysis of point and NPS pollution data, a digital elevation model, and data on land-use, soil, meteorology, economy, and agricultural management practice. Pre-processed pre-rain- fall soil moisture levels were introduced during the simulation to model the effects of typhoons on hydrology. Rainfall events were simulated sequentially through the year and the model was calibrated and verified using hydrological and water quality data. Accuracy of the simulated rainfall runoff and water quality in the Changtan watershed was found to be acceptable. The study showed that the NPS modeling system could be applied to the simulation and prediction ofNPS loadings in the Changtan Reservoir watershed.     

三峡水库蓄水后的浮游植物特征变化及影响因素

根据2003年10月和2004年4月的水生生物调查,对三峡库区二期蓄水后的浮游植物组成与分布变化进行研究,探讨水力学与营养盐条件变化对库区浮游植物结构与数量的影响。结果表明,库区浮游植物以硅藻类为优势种,2003年10月数量介于2.02×104~31.6×104个/L之间,与未蓄水前相比无明显变化,2004年4月浮游植物种类与数量发生较大变化,部分断面浮游植物数量显著增加,总体介于3.18×104~16 288×104个/L之间。通过对浮游植物与水力学条件、营养盐水平的关系分析,发现蓄水前后水动力学条件的变化与所形成的空间差异是造成浮游植物变化的关键因素,而偏高的营养盐水平则为浮游植物的生长创造了有利条件。为此,根据流速差异将库区水体划分为河流型水体、过渡型水体、湖泊型水体三种类型,对比分析表明过渡型水体和湖泊型水体的浮游植物数量在二期蓄水后增加较多,它们是三峡库区富营养化暴发的敏感区域。