三峡水库氮磷污染防治政策建议:生态补偿·污染控制·质量考核

三峡水库是我国重要战略水资源库.三峡水库蓄水后,库区富营养化问题日益凸显,TN、TP成为影响库区水质的主要污染因子,其中80%~85%入库氮、磷污染负荷来自流域上游.受长江富含营养物质水质输入和流域内人类活动面源输入等共同影响,长江中下游超过80%的湖泊发生富营养化,长江口及其毗邻海域赤潮频发.因此,三峡库区及上游流域仅实施国家统一的COD和氨氮水污染物目标总量控制已不能满足流域水环境安全要求.为保障三峡水库、长江中下游湖泊和东海海域环境安全,支撑长江经济带可持续发展,应按照湖泊保护的要求,进一步深化三峡库区及上游流域氮、磷污染控制与治理.新安江是我国第一个跨省流域水质补偿试点,2010-2013年,为加强新安江水污染防治,提高流域生态环境保护水平,中央财政、浙江、安徽两省共拨付资金12.7×108元,试点工作启动后,新安江跨界断面连续3 a水质均符合补偿协议要求,ρ（COD_Mn）、ρ（氨氮）和ρ（TP）均下降,水质恶化趋势得到有效控制.借鉴新安江流域水质补偿试点实施的成功经验,就"十三五"期间继续深化三峡库区及上游流域水污染防治问题,提出以下建议:①国家、下游和上游省（市）政府三方共同出资,建立长江流域水质补偿专项资金;②科学制订三峡水库水污染防治规划,强化三峡库区及上游流域氮、磷污染负荷控制;③建立并实施长江流域跨行政区水环境质量考核制度.      

Destratification and oxygenation efficiency of a water-lifting aerator system in a deep reservoir: Implications for optimal operation

Thermal stratification is a common phenomenon in lakes and reservoirs and has a significant influence on water quality dynamics.Heihe Reservoir is a canyon-shaped reservoir in Shaanxi Province with strong thermal stratification.Therefore,eight water-lifting aerators(WLAs) were installed in this reservoir,which could overcome thermal stratification and increase oxygenation with gas flows between 20 and 50 m3/hr,and oxygenate the hypolimnion with gas flows less than 20 m3/hr.To examine the destratification efficiency of the WLA system,we used a threedimensional hydrodynamic module based on MIKE 3 to simulate the thermal structure of Heihe Reservoir and compared the simulations with measured data.Results showed that operation of the WLA system promoted water mixing and effectively oxygenated the hypolimnion.Through the established energy utilization assessment method,the energy utilization efficiency of the WLA system was between 5.36% and 7.30%,indicating the capability of the technique for destratification in such a large reservoir.When the surface water temperature dropped to the theoretical mixed water temperature calculated by the energy utilization assessment method,reducing gas flow could save energy.This would prevent anaerobic conditions from occurring in the bottom water and maintain good water quality in Heihe Reservoir.     

Distribution and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and phthalic acid esters in water and surface sediment from the Three Gorges Reservoir

After the impoundment of the Three Gorges Reservoir(TGR), the hydrological situation of the reservoir has changed greatly. The concentration and distribution of typical persistent organic pollutants in water and sediment have also changed accordingly. In this study, the concentration, distribution and potential sources of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) and 6 phthalic acid esters(PAEs) during the water drawdown and impoundment periods were investigated in water and sediment from the TGR. According to our results, PAHs and PAEs showed temporal and spatial variations. The mean ΣPAH and ΣPAE concentrations in water and sediment were both higher during the water impoundment period than during the water drawdown period. The water samples from the main stream showed larger ΣPAH concentration fluctuations than those from tributaries. Both the PAH and PAE concentrations meet the Chinese national water environmental quality standard(GB 3838-2002). PAH monomers with 2–3 rings and 4 rings were dominant in water, and 4-ring and 5–6-ring PAHs were dominant in sediment. Di-n-butyl phthalate(DBP) and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate(DEHP)were the dominant PAE pollutants in the TGR. DBP and DEHP had the highest concentrations in water and sediment, respectively. The main source of PAHs in water from the TGR was petroleum and emissions from coal and biomass combustion, whereas the main sources of PAHs in sediments included coal and biomass combustion, petroleum, and petroleum combustion. The main source of PAEs in water was domestic waste, and the plastics and heavy chemical industries were the main sources of PAEs in sediment.     

长江中下游悬浮物稀土元素地球化学特征及其对三峡工程的响应

通过分析枯水季(2008年1月)长江中下游干流和支流(湖泊)悬浮物的稀土元素(REE)组成,探讨三峡水库的泥沙拦截对该区域沉积物组成和干、支流输沙关系的影响。结果表明:长江干流宜昌至城陵矶段的REE变异系数显著大于城陵矶以下站位,且部分站位出现显著的Ce或Eu异常,该段沉积物的物质组成存在显著差异;洞庭湖沉积物继承了长江干流的REE组成特征;鄱阳湖和汉江等支流(湖泊),与干流的REE组成存在一定的差异,通过端元混合模型估算得,观测期间鄱阳湖和汉江对长江干流沉积物的贡献分别约为58%和23%。由此可见,三峡水库的运行,导致了长江中下游枯季的物质来源和组成发生改变:中游河床出现了显著的侵蚀,汉江和鄱阳湖等支流(湖泊)对干流的物质输送相对增加。     

三峡库区重庆段淹没区土壤重金属分布及评价

三峡库区重庆段淹没区土壤重金属含量均低于国家土壤环境标准三级,其中铜含量范围为10.7~80.2mg/kg,均值为37.0 mg/kg;铅含量范围为14.6~51.8mg/kg,均值为29.3mg/kg;锌含量范围为47.5~93.3mg/kg,均值为72.7mg/kg;镉含量范围为0.084~0.765mg/kg,均值为0.321mg/kg;汞含量范围为0.032~0.204mg/kg,均值为0.059mg/kg;砷含量范围为4.63~12.7mg/kg,均值为8.65mg/kg。三峡库区淹没区土壤主要受镉铜污染和铅镉污染。     

三峡水库135m水位蓄水典型次级河流回水段富营养化监测评价

通过2004年3月份对三峡水库135m水位蓄水状态下库区成库河段典型次级河流朱衣河、梅溪河、大宁河回水河段富营养化监测与评价,掌握了在这一季节三峡库区成库河段次级河流回水河段营养状态不同的分布模式.     

克孜尔水库大坝典型坝段的高密度电法检测

介绍了高密度电法检测应用背景、基本原理与技术参数,对克孜尔大坝典型坝段的检测资料进行了分析和推断.结果显示,主坝电阻率相对均匀且视电阻率值高于副坝,说明主坝密实程度优于副坝,施工质量控制主坝高于副坝.对于副坝段的某2段低阻异常带,初步判定为坝体含水率较高所致.最后给出初步结论与建议.     

三峡库区高阳镇塌岸探讨及其防护

随着三峡库区蓄水及移民迁建工程实施，库岸防护问题尤其是城镇库岸防护问题变得日益突出，以湖北兴山县高阳镇为例，探讨该段岸坡变形破坏的特征及其形成原因，并进行了塌岸预测，最后就其防护治理设计提出了以浆砌石护坡与抗滑桩结合的综合治理措施。     

WATER QUALITY MODELING FOR THE FEITSUI RESERVOIR IN NORTHERN TAIWAN1

ABSTRACT: Field data collected from the Feitsui Reservoir in Taiwan indicate that the water is at a stage between mesotrophic and eutrophic. Recent measurements such as total phosphorus, chlorophyll a and Secchi depth levels suggest that the water quality has been declining. A two‐dimensional, laterally averaged, finite difference hydrodynamic and water quality model was used to simulate the water quality in the Feitsui Reservoir in an effort to determine sound water quality management strategies. The model was calibrated and verified using data collected in 1996 and 1997. The calibrated model was used to simulate algal biomass (in terms of chlorophyll a) levels under various wasteload reduction scenarios. Model results show that 50 percent reduction of the total phosphorus load will improve the existing water quality, shifting the trophic status from eutrophic/mesotrophic to oligotrophic. The modeling effort has yielded valuable information that can be used by decision makers for the evaluation of different management strategies of reducing watershed nutrient loads.     

三峡库区干流崩塌、滑坡的发育特征及危险性评价

本文对三峡库区干流（重庆主城区-巫山段，下同）崩滑体的资料进行了处理、分析，得出了一些有益的结论，并对库区干流崩塌、滑坡进行了危险性分段评价。同时，也计算了重庆市各区县长江干流的崩塌、滑坡危险性指标。