Energy of forest systems in the Three Gorge Reservoir Area

１ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＴｈｅｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｏｆｆｏｒｅｓｔｒｙｈａｓｍａｄｅａｇｒｅａｔｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｖｉｔｙｉｎｔｈｅＴｈｒｅｅＧｏｒｇｅＲｅｓｅｒｖｏｉｒａｒｅａｉｎＣｈｉｎａ，ａｎｄｉｔｒｅａｃｈｅｄｍｕｃｈｄｅｓｉｒａｂｌｅｂｉ...     

区域土地利用类型的胁迫转换与优化配置——以三峡库区为例

三峡大坝蓄水淹没土地、库区移民安置和新城及工矿迁建等带来了库区土地利用结构与布局的巨大变化。为此,如何构建符合景观生态学原理和可持续发展准则的宏观土地利用类型新格局,不仅是近10年内百万移民安置和生产布局的重点,而且关系到库区未来经济、社会与资源、环境的协调和可持续发展。论文分析了在土地淹没与置换的胁迫条件下,库区土地资源类型转换的方式与过程;从要素控制、地段设计到系统模式优化的不同层次,提出了库区土地生态设计模式与措施;并从产业协调发展的角度,提出了库区土地利用优化配置的方案。     

Seasonal variation of nitrogen-concentration in the surface water and its relationship with land use in a catchment of northern China

Surface waters can be contaminated by human activities in two ways: (1) by point sources, such as sewage treatment discharge and storm-water runoff; and (2) by non-point sources, such as runoff from urban and agricultural areas. With point-source pollution effectively controlled, non-point source pollution has become the most important environmental concem in the world. The formation of non-point source pollution is related to both the sources such as soil nutrient, the amount of fertilizer and pesticide applied, the amount of refuse, and the spatial complex combination of land uses within a heterogeneous landscape. Land-use change, dominated by human activities, has a significant impact on water resources and quality. In this study, fifteen surface water monitoring points in the Yuqiao Reservoir Basin, Zunhua, Hebei Province, northem China, were chosen to study the seasonal variation of nitrogen concentration in the surface water. Water samples were collected in low-flow period(June), high-flow period(July) and mean-flow period(October) from 1999 to 2000. The results indicated that the seasonal variation of nitrogen concentration in the surface water among the fifteen monitoring points in the rainfall-rich year is more complex than that in the rainfall-deficit year. It was found that the land use, the characteristics of the surface river system, rainfall, and human activities play an important role in the seasonal variation of N-concentration in surface water.Keywords: non-point source pollution; nitrogen concentration; seasonal variation; land use; Yuqiao Reservoir Basin, China     

Exploiting pattern and sustainable development of marginal lands in the Three Gorge Reservoir Areas

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＭａｒｇｉｎａｌｌａｎｄｓ,ｗｈｉｃｈｉｓａｋｉｎｄｏｆｅｃｏｔｏｎｅ,ｍｅａｎｓｔｒａｎｓｉｔｉｏｎａｌｚｏｎｅｏｆｔｗｏｏｒｍｏｒｅｈｅｔｅｒｏｇｅｎｅｏｕｓｓｙｓｔｅｍｓ(Ｗｕ,1998).Ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｃｅｓａｍｏｎｇｅｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｆａｃｔｏｒｓｏｒｓｙｓｔｅｍｓｐｒｏｐｅｒｔｉｅｓｉｎｔｈｉｓｚｏｎｅｃａｎｃａｕｓｅｇｒｅａｔｖａｒｉａｔｉｏｎｉｎｃｏｍｐｏｎｅｎｔｓａｎｄｐｒｏｐｅｒｔｉｅｓ(ｓｕｃｈａｓｖｅｇｅｔａｔｉｏｎｔｙｐｅ,ｐｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎｄｅｎｓｉ…     

黑龙滩水库生态环境及水体富营养化研究

本文以黑龙滩水库１９８９－１９９１年水质实测资料为依据，采用综合污染指数法对水库水质进行了定量分析，同时用卡森指数对水库富营养化程度进行产评价。针对库区特点及周围污染源排放现状，分析了水库水质受到的潜在威胁，提出了水源保护的措施及对策。     

Conflict,controversy, and compromise: The Concho water snake (Nerodia harteri paucimaculata) versus the Stacy Dam and Reservoir

The Colorado River Municipal Water District (CRMWD) of Big Spring, Texas, planned to construct the Stacy Reservoir and Dam on the Colorado River near Paint Rock, Texas, yet needed a Section 404 permit from the US Army Corps of Engineers pursuant to the Clean Water Act. In 1986 the Concho water snake (Nerodia harteri paucimaculata) was listed as threatened under the Endangered Species Act (ESA). Much of its remaining range included the stretch of the Colorado River that would be flooded by the proposed dam. After initially rejecting CRMWD proposals for mitigation, and informing the Corps of Engineers that it would issue a jeopardy opinion regarding the 404 permit pursuant to Section 7 of the ESA, the US Fish and Wildlife Service reversed its stand. The final biological opinion stated that reasonable and prudent alternatives previously rejected as unfeasible would remove the threat of jeopardy. This paper concludes that experimental management techniques proposed by FWS to allow dam construction do not adequately ensure survival of the Concho water snake and an alternative water source should have been found.     

三峡库区旅游资源评价及可持续发展研究

通过对三峡库区旅游资源的定性、定量评价，本文论述了把三峡库区建成全国最大旅游中心的可能性，提出了促进三峡库区旅游业可持续发展的对策和建议     

三峡水库入库污染负荷研究(Ⅰ)--蓄水前污染负荷现状

分析蓄水前三峡水库入库污染负荷,包括库区污染负荷,如城市生活污水、工业废水、农业面源、船舶流动污染源;主要干支流长江、嘉陵江、乌江的入库背景污染负荷,包括上游天然背景负荷和上游污染贡献负荷,为三峡水库水污染防治提供理论依据。研究表明：①进入三峡库区的污染源主要来自长江、嘉陵江、乌江上游输入的背景负荷,包括上游贡献负荷和天然背景负荷,其中：CODCr的天然背景负荷与上游污染贡献负荷较为接近,BOD5、NH3-N的上游贡献负荷略大于天然背景负荷;TP的上游贡献负荷远大于天然背景负荷。因此,“三江”上游区域的污染治理工作应为今后三峡水库水污染防治的重点;②库区内排放的主要污染物是TP、BOD5、TN、CODCr等有机污染物,其累计等标污染负荷比达到98%以上。库区内的主要污染源为农田径流,其等标污染负荷比为77.85%;其次为城市污水,其等标污染负荷比为19.45%,工业废水的等标污染负荷比只占1.62%。因此,农田面源将是今后库区污染防治的重点。     

二龙山水库水质富营养化趋势及削减规划研究

选用C_N,C_P(水库中氮、磷的平均质量浓度)2项指标作为契入点,以狄龙模型为基础,结合二龙山水库水质污染的具体特点,设计了一套适合于预测二龙山水库水质富养化的C_N,C_P模型,运用其预测了水库水质营养状态变化趋势并对水质富营养化进行了预评价.结果表明:2001-2050年二龙山水库水质总氮和总磷的质量浓度同步增长,但总磷的增长幅度远远大于总氮,水库水质富营养化逐渐加剧.最后,根据系统诊断模型计算了水库氮、磷营养盐的环境容量,并结合该地的实际情况提出了氮、磷污染物的削减规划方案.      

Characteristics and risk assessment of organochlorine pesticide residues in surface sediments collected at the Qingshitan Reservoir

ABSTRACT

An ultrasonic extraction – gas chromatography – electron capture detector analytical method was used to measure the concentration and types of organochlorine (OC) pesticides in sediment to obtain a better understanding of the characteristics and hidden ecological risks associated with OC pesticide exposure in surface sediment of the Qingshitan Reservoir. Fifteen types of OC pesticides were detected in the sediment, and the sum concentration of these chemicals was in the 149.32–490.19 ng/g range (mean value: 319.39 ng/g). The concentrations of detected OC pesticides occurred in the following order: hexachlorohexanes (HCHs) (mean value: 200.17 ng/g) > DDTs (mean value: 36.92 ng/g) > heptachlors (mean value: 32.74 ng/g) > methoxychlor (mean value: 24.13 ng/g). There was a 100% detection rate for HCH isomers, and their concentrations occurred in the following order: β-HCH > δ-HCH > γ-HCH > α-HCH. β-HCH was the main component of HCHs. Ratios between α-HCH/γ-HCH and β-/(α+γ)-HCH were used to investigate the sources of pollution. Most of the surveyed areas were polluted by lindane, which originated from past pesticide residue usage, and no new inputs of HCHs were found. DDT was the major component of the DDTs, and accounted for 52%–87% of the DDTs. The ratios of (DDE+DDD)/DDT at all sample collection points were less than 1, indicating that degradation rate of DDTs in sediment was low and there was a new input of DDTs in these surveyed areas. The ratio of DDD/DDE was less than 1 at most of the sample collection points, indicating that the degradation of DDT in the sediments primarily took place under aerobic conditions. Comparison of OC pesticide residual levels in the underwater sediment collected at the Qingshitan Reservoir to other states and countries showed the pollution level of these chemicals of the Qingshitan Reservoir was relatively high. The ecological risk was assessed based on guideline values of effects range-low (ERL) and effects range-medium (ERM). The results showed that DDD, DDE, DDTs and endrin residues in the sediment posed a moderate ecological risk, but DDT and γ-HCH showed high ecological risk. These OC pesticides might adversely affect biological systems, and need to be addressed.