金泽水库上游来水及库区水质变化时空分布特征

金泽水库是上海西南五区的主要饮用水源,上游太浦河来水及库区水质变化对水库运行和相应供水系统供水水质有重要影响.基于常规水质指标应用主成分分析法评价了不同季节金泽水库上游来水及库区水质变化;利用平行因子(PARAFAC)分析了金泽水库上游来水及库区水中荧光溶解性有机质(FDOM)组成结构及分布特征;通过相关性分析分析了水体荧光强度与常规水质指标间的关系.结果表明,金泽水库上游来水及库区冬季水质最差,库外断面水质受外源污染逐步恶化,经过库区生态净化作用后水质有所提升;水体FDOM主要由类蛋白类和类腐殖质类组分构成,类蛋白物质为主要组分,各组分呈现出明显的时空分布特征,外源污染是影响库外断面FDOM总荧光强度的主要因素,生态环境是影响库内FDOM总荧光强度季节性波动的主要因素. FDOM总荧光强度呈现上游低下游高的趋势,与水中NH4+-N、石油类、TOC、氯化物和硫酸盐含量显著相关,通过检测FDOM总荧光强度可实现对水体水质的快速分析并发挥预警和指示作用.     

三峡水库汛后蓄水期典型支流溶解氧与叶绿素a垂向分布特征

采用2018年9月对三峡水库典型一级支流——香溪河和神农溪回水区水质监测数据,分析和对比了香溪河和神农溪的溶解氧和叶绿素a等指标垂向分布特征,讨论了影响其垂向分布的环境因子.结果表明,香溪河与神农溪的溶解氧含量在表层0～10 m和0～12 m水体分层现象明显,且随水深增加而递减.其表层水体的溶解氧饱和度S_(DO)分别为139.20%和107.78%,已经达到过度饱和状态(S_(DO)100%);中层与底层水体溶解氧浓度较稳定,无分层现象.香溪河和神农溪回水区水体中叶绿素a垂向分布与溶解氧分布的规律一致,表层水体中叶绿素a浓度整体上表现为中度富营养化(5μg·L~(-1)Chl-a20μg·L~(-1)).Pearson相关性分析显示,香溪河与神农溪水体中的溶解氧与水温、浮游植物垂向分布之间存在显著相关性,水温分层以及浮游植物的生命活动是影响溶解氧垂向分布的关键因素.叶绿素a与水温和pH呈现出显著的正相关性,与浊度表现为显著负相关性,表明浮游植物垂向分布主要受光照强度沿水深衰减和水温分层现象的影响.     

Application of a three-dimensional eutrophication model for the Beijing Guanting Reservoir, China

The Beijing Guanting Reservoir (BGR) is located northwest of Beijing and has been an important water supply reservoir ever since the construction of a dam near the town of Guanting in 1954. As a result of excessive nutrients and organic carbon loadings from the drainage basin over the last several decades, the BGR suffers from eutrophication as well as other contamination problems and has not been used as a drinking water supply reservoir since 1997. As a management step to restore the reservoir's water quality, a numerical model was developed based on the environmental fluid dynamics code (EFDC) framework. The model simulated three phytoplankton species based on the observed cyanobacteria, green algae, and diatom concentrations in 2004 for the Yongding arm of the reservoir, which is separated from the rest of the reservoir by a sand bar. The model was calibrated with vertical temperature profiles as well as the observed chlorophyll a and nutrients concentrations in the water column. The calibrated model was further applied to investigate management scenarios, which include reduction in external loadings of nutrients with constructed wetlands, biomanipulation, and transferring water from CeTian Reservoir. All three scenarios can reduce the peak chlorophyll a levels in the reservoir. The background nutrients were high, and reducing the external nutrients was effective only after a reduction in background nutrients after phytoplankton growth. The biomanipulation and water transfer scenarios could also delay the occurrence of the peak chlorophyll a. Because the model was developed based on one year of data, the model can only reveal the short-term effects of applying the management scenarios. Future studies will consider the long-term processes, such as diagenesis, when data are available to predict the long-term effects of the scenarios.     

重庆大木山木本植物区系及植物资源特点

基于野外调查资料,对位于三峡库区腹心地带的大木山的木本植物区系及资源特点进行研究,以期为该地区生物多样性保护和可持续利用提供依据.野外调查共发现木本植物738种,隶属于86科、288属.其中裸子植物6科、10属、15种,双子叶植物77科、271属、699种,单子叶植物3科、7属、24种.乔木268种,灌木398种,木质藤本72种.科的组成优势现象十分明显,含10种以上的科有26个,包含164属、526种植物,分别占该区木本植物总属数和总种数的56.94%和71.27%,是该区木本植物区系构成的主导成分.木本植物区系成分复杂,属的分布类型有14个,种的分布类型有12个,区系具有明显的过渡性特征.有483个中国特有种分布于该地区,占总种数的65.71%,其中27.12%的物种为华中植物区特有种.13个地区的聚类分析表明大木山与华中植物区和华东植物区关系最为密切.木本植物资源以药用、材用、观赏、食用类为主,古老孑遗植物和珍稀濒危植物丰富.图l表5参35     

两座高原水库蓝藻群落结构与微囊藻毒素的分布对比研究

为了了解贵州高原水库蓝藻群落组成特征和微囊藻毒素分布,于2009年10月对贵州高原2座水库——万峰湖和百花湖采样调查。结果表明：万峰湖以蓝藻为主要优势藻,蓝藻中的拟柱孢藻（Cylindrospermopsis sp.）占绝对优势,浮游植物丰度在13.05×104～55.80×104 cells.L-1之间,蓝藻的丰度值占到了总量的82.55%,6个采样点中有3个（大坝、野鸭滩和革布）检出了微囊藻毒素MC-RR,且有1个点（革布）质量浓度超标,另外3个点（坝艾、坝达章和九里堡）未检出;百花湖以蓝藻、绿藻和硅藻共同构成优势藻,蓝藻中的假鱼腥藻（Pseudanabaena limnetica）是主要优势藻,浮游植物丰度在6.16×104～65.00×104 cells.L-1之间,蓝藻的丰度值在总体中所占比例为33.25%,3个采样点（大坝、岩脚寨和码头）均未检出微囊藻毒素。形成2个高原水库蓝藻群落结构和微囊藻毒素分布差异的原因可能是：2个水库中氮、磷营养盐水平不同引起浮游植物群落组成不同,进而导致了微囊藻毒素的分布出现差异。     

向家坝水库营养盐时空分布特征及滞留效应

向家坝建库后改变了河流原有的水动力、营养盐分布及输移条件.为研究向家坝水库营养盐分布特征及滞留效应,通过2015～2016年分季度水库水质监测结果,分析向家坝水库水体总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)和溶解性硅(SiO_3~(2-)-Si)营养盐时空分布特征、滞留量、滞留效率.研究发现,向家坝水库TN、TP和SiO_3~(2-)-Si营养盐质量浓度均值分别为0. 905、0. 034和7. 98mg·L~(-1).其中,TN质量浓度在城镇人口密集区偏大,分布主要受点源影响;磷营养盐以颗粒态磷为主,TP质量浓度在水库中自上而下沿程降低,SiO_3~(2-)-Si质量浓度分布在时空上差异较小.向家坝对TN、TP和SiO_3~(2-)-Si营养盐滞留量为2. 30×10~4、0. 146×10~4和-2. 4×10~4t·a~(-1).在不同季度,TN和SiO_3~(2-)-Si滞留量有正有负,而TP则始终表现为正滞留. TN、TP和SiO_3~(2-)-Si月平均滞留效率分别为17. 5%、32. 8%和-2. 14%.整体上实际滞留效率表现为丰水期高于枯水期,并且TP的滞留作用更为显著. TN滞留量主要受反硝化作用,以及外源负荷输入影响; SiO_3~(2-)-Si输送通量主要受径流量影响;水库运行周期以及磷的颗粒形态则是TP滞留的主要因素.向家坝水库对营养盐的滞留效应与TN和SiO_3~(2-)-Si质量浓度变化无明显相关性,而水库对TP的滞留效应使TP质量浓度在水库纵向上沿程减小,在各监测样点垂向水深上TP质量浓度则有增大的趋势.     

丹江口水库淅川库区大气磷沉降特征

大气磷沉降是向地表水体输送营养元素的重要途径.以丹江口水库淅川库区为研究区,在库区周围设置了6个采样点,于2020年1—12月期间采集并分析了大气总磷干、湿沉降样品,探讨了总磷沉降的时空分布特征及其对库区水体外源磷输入的贡献.结果表明：研究区大气 总磷沉降量为1.19 kg·hm^-2·a^-1,其中,干沉降占比为49.73%,湿沉降占比为50.27%;总磷干、湿沉降量在空间上均具有显著差异性（p_s<0.05）, 湿沉降量在季节上具有极显著差异性（p<0.01）;总磷干沉降量受到气温、气压和风速的显著影响,湿沉降量受到降雨量的显著影响;总磷年沉降量为65.17 t·a^-1,占河流总磷入库量的42.18%.     

Role of the rhizosphere of a flooding-tolerant herb in promoting mercury methylation in water-level fluctuation zones

The water-level fluctuation zone (WLFZ) has been considered as a hotspot for mercury (Hg) methylation. Flooding-tolerant herbs are gradually acclimated to this water-land ecotone, tending to form substantial root systems for improving erosion resistance. Accompanying rhizosphere microzone plays crucial but unclear roles in methylmercury (MeHg) formation in the WLFZ. Thus, we conducted this study in the WLFZ of the Three Gorges Reservoir, to explore effects of the rhizosphere of a dominant flooding-tolerant herb (bermudagrass) on MeHg production. The elevated Hg and MeHg in rhizosphere soils suggest that the rhizosphere environment provides favorable conditions for Hg accumulation and methylation. The increased bioavailable Hg and microbial activity in the rhizosphere probably serve as important factors driving MeHg formation in the presence of bermudagrass. Simultaneously, the rhizosphere environments changed the richness, diversity, and distribution of hgcA-containing microorganisms. Here, a typical iron-reducing bacterium (Geobacteraceae) has been screened, however, the majority of hgcA genes detected in rhizosphere, near-, and non-rhizosphere soils of the WLFZ were unclassified. Collectively, these results provide new insights into the elevated MeHg production as related to microbial processes in the rhizosphere of perennial herbs in the WLFZ, with general implications for Hg cycling in other ecosystems with water-level fluctuations.     

水源地生态补偿机制研究——以西安黑河为例

城市水源地对于城市人民的生存、城市的可持续发展至关重要。黑河水库是西安市重要的饮水水源,黑河水库在过去几年里为西安市的发展做出了不可磨灭的贡献。本文以西安市黑河水源地为研究对象,分析了建立黑河水源地生态补偿机制的必要性,从补偿主客体、补偿标准、补偿方式三方面构建了黑河水资源地生态补偿机制的框架,最后提出完善黑河水源地生态补偿机制的具体对策建议。     

基于PSR模型的长潭水库生态安全评价研究

结合长潭水库生态环境现状和生态安全评价研究成果,着眼长潭水库生态系统特征,将水库生态健康、人类活动压力及水库生态响应等3大类指标纳入生态安全研究框架,运用Pressure-State-Response （PSR）模型,建立包含3个层次18个指标的水库生态安全评价指标体系,采用熵权法确定各指标权重,对长潭水库生态安全状况进行评估.结果表明,2008年-2011年间,长潭水库生态安全状况呈好转趋势.讨论了长潭水库目前生态安全保护中存在的主要环境问题并提出相关建议.