永定河底栖动物生物完整性指数构建与健康评价

构建大型底栖动物生物完整性指数是河流健康评价与河流修复的重要步骤.根据2017年4月永定河流域23个采样点的大型底栖动物生物监测数据,基于监测点水质状况与栖息地质量综合评估指数得分,选择潮白河水系大型底栖动物类群相似且人为干扰较小的5个监测点作为参照区域,构建永定河B-IBI（大型底栖动物生物完整性指数）.通过对大型底栖动物33个生物参数的分布范围检验、判别能力分析和Spearman相关性检验,最终确定永定河B-IBI由总分类单元数、蜉蝣目（E）-襀翅目（P）-毛翅目（T）个体相对丰度、优势分类单元个体相对丰度、摇蚊科个体相对丰度、敏感类群分类单元数、科级耐污指数（family biotic index,FBI值）等6个核心参数构成.采用生物完整性研究中常用的比值法和三分法构建的B-IBI评价得分体系.结果表明,两种方法计算出的B-IBI均具有较高的判别能力,均能较好地判别参照水体和受损水体的健康状况,二者具有较高的相关性和一致性（R>0.90）.永定河河流健康评价结果表明,洋河、桑干河和永定河干流监测点B-IBI平均得分分别为1.97、1.86和1.78,妫水河B-IBI平均值为2.48,23个采样点中有16个处于较差状态,7个处于一般状态.相关性分析表明,B-IBI指数与栖息地质量综合评估指数得分、ρ（DO）呈显著正相关,与ρ（NH₄+）、浊度、电导率呈显著负相关,表明B-IBI指数对于栖息地人为干扰和水质污染均具有较强的指示作用.研究显示,永定河大型底栖动物生物完整性基本丧失,全流域底栖动物群落呈现全面退化趋势,识别影响大型底栖动物群落的关键要素、恢复永定河河流生态系统结构和功能研究亟待开展.      

阿什河流域10种水生植物对水质氮磷的净化能力比较

阿什河是松花江重要的一级支流,水环境污染问题最为突出.针对阿什河流域氮磷污染严重、水质恶化、生物多样性低等问题,选取千屈菜（Lythrum salicaria）、菖蒲（Acorus calamus）、泽泻（Alisma plantago-aquatica）、慈姑（Sagittaria trifolia）、芦苇（Phragmites australis）、菰（Zizania latifolia）、显脉苔草（Carex kirganica）、水葱（Scirpus validus）、狭叶香蒲（Typha angustifolia）、香蒲（Typha orientalis）10种阿什河流域常见植物作为研究对象,在室内静水条件下对其氮磷富集和水质净化的能力进行比较研究.结果表明:①不同植物净增生物量之间具有显著差异（P < 0.05）,生物量的变化范围为492.71~939.19 g/m2,其中净增生物量最高的泽泻是最低的慈姑的1.91倍.②不同植物的植株茎叶部和根部的氮、磷含量也具有一定的差异,茎叶部TN含量（以质量分数计）为3.46~19.55 mg/g,TP含量为1.34~4.77 mg/g;根部TN含量为3.88~13.59 mg/g,TP含量为1.16~7.59 mg/g;TN、TP在茎叶部的富集能力均大于根部,有效刈割是彻底去除污染物的有效手段.③在水体中TN、TP浓度（以质量浓度计）为2.08~3.03、0.56~0.77 mg/L时,不同植物对水质的净化能力也存在一定的差异,不同植物对TN、TP的去除率为64.96%~86.03%、64.64%~85.12%.④不同植物TN、TP富集贡献率范围分别为50.24%~80.71%、54.85%~93.44%.研究显示,植物净增生物量湿质量、干质量均与TP富集率相关性较高,可以作为植物筛选的一个重要的参考因素;水葱、芦苇、菰和千屈菜可作为阿什河流域生态修复的备选植物.      

饮马河流域水环境综合风险时空分布

为评价饮马河流域水环境综合风险,从水环境风险的危险性、暴露性、脆弱性及区域治理能力4个方面构建了饮马河流域水环境综合风险评估体系.选取2000年、2005年、2010年和2015年的水环境数据进行分析,采用水环境污染风险指数法和层次分析法对饮马河流域水环境综合风险进行评估,并绘制了各年度饮马河流域的风险空间分布图,分析了饮马河流域水环境风险空间变化特征.结果表明:2000—2015年,各危险性指标的量化值不断减小;暴露性指标中,耕地面积不断扩大,工业企业个数不断增加,人口密度变化不明显;各脆弱性指标的量化值不断减小;水环境区域治理能力各指标的量化值不断增大.研究显示,2000—2015年,流域内水环境危险性和脆弱性不断降低,暴露性和区域治理能力逐渐升高,水环境风险逐渐降低;其中,长春市一直处于水环境高风险水平,伊通县一直处于低风险水平.      

巢湖流域水环境治理回顾及治理对策研究

巢湖是中国重点治理的"三湖"之一.自"九五"以来巢湖流域的治理已投入大量资金,采取了污染源控制、基础设施建设等多种工程措施,但水质呈现轻度富营养化状态.通过对巢湖流域污染治理历程及措施的梳理可见,虽然治理措施侧重点已发生变化,但仍存在生态建设、管理能力建设投资不足等问题.巢湖流域水环境治理应从增强全流域统筹调控、加大流域生态修复力度和能力建设力度等方面着力改善,才能应对流域水环境保护的严峻压力.     

淮河流域典型河流夏秋季底栖动物群落特征及其与环境因子的关系

大型底栖无脊椎动物是河流生态系统的重要组成部分,对水生态环境的变化极为敏感,其群落结构特征可有效指示河流水质及生态健康状况.为掌握淮河流域主要河流强人为干扰下水生态健康状况,分别于2014年夏季和秋季对淮河干流及其主要支流上27个站点进行水质、沉积物及底栖动物采样分析,运用统计方法分析了该区域底栖动物组成、优势种、生物多样性、群落结构时空特征以及与环境因子的关系.结果表明两季共获62个分类单元,4297个底栖动物,主要以软体动物门(Mollusca)和昆虫纲(Insecta)为主,其中昆虫纲主要为双翅目(Diptera)、蜉蝣目(Ephemeroptera)和蜻蜓目(Odonata),分别占昆虫纲分类单元数的33.33%、21.21%和18.18%.其次,夏季平均密度为74.21 ind·m~(-2),平均生物量为7.89 g·m~(-2),优势种为米虾属(Caridina)和铜锈环棱螺(Bellamya aeruginosa);秋季平均密度为27.53 ind·m~(-2),平均生物量为1.13 g·m~(-2),优势种则为米虾属、直突摇蚊属(Orthocladius)、四节蜉属(Baetis)和环足摇蚊属(Cricotopus),但t检验差异分析发现,夏秋两季生物密度无显著空间差异(p=0.135),而生物量空间分布则表现出极显著差异(p=0.002).对比发现两季生物丰度的差异主要由软体动物门与甲壳纲(Crustacea)贡献;同时,昆虫纲类丰度分布也表现出季节性,夏季毛翅目(Trichoptera)明显多于秋季,而双翅目和蜉蝣目则显著少于秋季.冗余分析(RDA)发现水温、p H、总氮和沉积物重金属(Cd、Pb、Hg)的梯度变化是该区域底栖动物群落结构变化的主要驱动因子;其次,闸坝运行、边坡固化、岸边植被带及采砂活动等对底栖动物的栖息地与空间分布同样是重大干扰.     

POTENTIAL ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF CHANGES IN WATER AVAILABILITY ON AGRICULTURE IN THE TRUCKEE AND CARSON RIVER BASINS,NEVADA, USA1

ABSTRACT: Effects of climate change are likely to be detected in nearly all sectors and regions of the economy, with both winners and losers. One of the consequences of climatic changes could be altered regional water supplies. This paper presents an investigation of regional agricultural implications of changes in water availability. Specifically, using a profit maximization approach, the economic consequences of altered water availability in the Great Basin of Nevada are analyzed in terms of the effects on net returns of agricultural producers. Under the scenarios analyzed in this paper, it is found that with adequate water systems, increase in streamflow and consequent increase in water availability could significantly benefit agricultural producers of this region. Net returns to irrigators could increase by 8 to 13 percent, not taking into account the possibility of changes in crop yields and prices. It is also shown that the benefits from increased water availability are sensitive to likely crop yield and price changes. The potential for adverse effects of climatic changes on water supply is also considered by analyzing the effects of decreased water availability. Under decreased water availability scenarios, farmer net returns decrease substantially.     

REAPPRAISAL OF WATER SUPPLY RESOURCES IN DELAWARE RIVER BASIN USING SYNTHETIC HYDROLOGY1

ABSTRACT The 60's drought (1961 1966) which hit the Northeastern United States, had its center over the Delaware River Basin and caused water supply shortages to New York City, Philadelphia, and many other towns and industries in the Basin. Until this event occurred, the existing water supply sources and those planned for the future had been considered adequate, as they were designed for the worst drought of record (usually the 1930-31 drought). In view of this “change in hydrology,” the Delaware River Basin Commission authorized a study (DRBC Resolution 67-4) to re-evaluate the adequacy of existing and planned water supply sources of the Delaware River Basin and its Service Area (New York City and northern New Jersey). Synthetic hydrology is a tool which can be used to overcome many of the limitations of the traditional approach. By analyzing generated streamflow traces in this study, it has been determined that there is a definite relationship between the accumulated rainfall deficiency during the drought and the return periods associated with various durations of runoff in the drought. This indicated that generated traces can be used to standardize the hydrology over an area where the intensity of drought varied. This represented an important facet in the study, because it provided a means to equalize the effects of this drought over the study area, and gave the Delaware River Basin Commission more information so that it could better plan and manage its water resources equitably, not only for the people within the Basin, but for the New York City and northern New Jersey areas as well. Synthetic hydrology was used to determine yield-probability relationships for 50-year periods, and storage-yield-frequency relationships for existing and planned water-supply reservoirs. It was also used to determine yield-probability relationships for reservoir systems within the Basin. In the study, it was determined that monthly streamflow traces and uniform draft rates could be used in yield analysis because of the magnitude of the reservoirs and because seasonal variations of draft rate are small in the study area. Although it was found that with the streamflow generating models (first order Markov) in common use today, it is not possible to definitely determine the actual frequency of a very severe historic drought, it is possible to place a drought in perspective by using synthetic hydrology. The study showed that it is a useful tool in determining water availability over a basin and is useful in studying water management problems such as interbasin transfers, and reservoir systems operations.     

REASONABLY FULL HYDROLOGIC DEVELOPMENT OF RESERVOIR SITES1

The size of multipurpose reservoir development is usually determined by an economic analysis of reservoir capabilities and the present and projected water resources needs which can be satisfied. This analysis is referred to as project formulation, wherein optimum conditions are sought. In responding to multiple objectives, i.e., national economic development, regional development and environmental quality, which are being considered in river basin planning in recent years, reservoirs should provide for reasonably full hydrologic development. Additional storage will be needed to provide opportunities for economic development, as well as meet unexpected development. Also, it provides more flow regulation capability for quality of environment considerations. An analysis has been made on twelve reservoir sites in the New York State portion of the Susquehanna River Basin to determine the so-called “reasonably full hydrologic development of reservoir sites.” Hydrologic, economic, environmental and physical characteristics of the sites are taken into consideration. For normal conditions, it can be concluded that a yield equivalent to about 80 percent of the average discharge (runoff) can be considered as reasonably full hydrologic development for reservoir sites in the Susquehanna River Basin in New York. The same technique can be applied elsewhere to determine reasonably full hydrologic development of reservoir sites.     

MATHEMATICAL MODELS: PLANNING TOOLS FOR THE GREAT LAKES1

The Great Lakes Basin Commission has initiated a Framework Study to assess the present and projected water- and related land-resource problems and demands in the Great Lakes Basin. Poorly defined objectives; incomplete and inconsistent data arrays; unknown air, biota, water, and sediment interactions; and multiple planning considerations for interconnected, large lake systems hinder objective planning. To incorporate mathematical modeling as a planning tool for the Great Lakes, a two-phase program, comprising a feasibility and design study followed by contracted and in-house modeling, data assembly, and plan development, has been initiated. The models will be used to identify sensitivities of the lakes to planning and management alternatives, insufficiencies in the data base, and inadequately understood ecosystem interactions. For the first time objective testing of resource-utilization plans to identify potential conflicts will provide a rational and cost-effective approach to Great Lakes management. Because disciplines will be interrelated, the long-term effects of planning alternatives and their impacts on neighboring lakes and states can be evaluated. Testing of the consequences of environmental accidents and increased pollution levels can be evaluated, and risks to the resource determined. Examples are cited to demonstrate the use of such planning tools.     

河南省境内淮河流域历史时期旱涝等级序列的重建

本文根据旱涝史料，运用旱涝等级评定法，对河南省境内淮河流域１４７０～１９４９年逐年的旱涝状况进行了评定；并采用“区域综合法”，重建了河南省境内淮河流域１４７０～１９４９年的旱涝等级序列。